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2019 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Emotional Design in Human-Robot Interaction

Theory, Methods and Applications

herausgegeben von: Hande Ayanoğlu, Emília Duarte

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Human–Computer Interaction Series

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

While social robots participation increases in everyday human life, their presence in diverse contexts and situations is expected. At the same point, users tend to become more demanding regarding their roles, abilities, behaviour and appearance. Thus, designers and developers are confronted with the need to design more sophisticated robots that can produce such a positive reaction from users so as to become well accepted in various cases of use. Like this, Human-Robot Interaction has become a developing area.

Emotions are an important part in human life, since they mediate the interaction with other humans, entities and/or products. In recent years, there has been an increase in the importance of emotions applied to the design field, giving rise to the so-called Emotional Design area. In the case of Human-Robot Interaction, the emotional design can help to elicit (e.g., pleasurable) or prevent (e.g., unpleasant) emotional/affective reactions/responses.

This book gives a practical introduction to emotional design in human-robot interaction and supports designers with knowledge and research tools to help them take design decisions based on a User-Centred Design approach. It should also be useful to people interested in design processes, even if not directly related to the design of social robots but, instead, to other technology-based artefacts. The text is meant as a reference source with practical guidelines and advice for design issues.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Understanding the Context

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
Over the past few years, significant technological development has been witnessed. This progress is visible not only in scientific and technological areas but also in social sciences and humanities (i.e., Design). Design, as a field of knowledge, is influenced by diverse disciplines such as Sociology, Philosophy, Psychology, Neuroscience, Geometry, Engineering, Robotics, among others. However, it was necessary to wait until the twenty-first century to attend to the greatest impacts in Design, one of which was suggested by Norman (Emotional design: why we love (or hate) everyday things. Basic Civitas Books, 2004) at the beginning of the new century. Norman suggested that assumptions from the field of Psychology related to the study about emotions are applicable to Design, specifically to product design. The author proposes and defends the importance of emotions in product design and how it is reflected in the user’s interaction with the product or object. With this new argument, emotional design arises, which, over the last decades, has provided a big innovation in the way designers project and develop products, given the emotion and experience that they aim at triggering in the user. Van Gorp and Adams (Design for emotion. Morgan Kaufmann, Massachusetts, 2012) emphasize that over the last three decades, research that examines the relationship between design and emotion has steadily grown.
Hande Ayanoğlu, Emília Duarte
Chapter 2. A Motivational Case Study in Social Robotics
Abstract
Different social environments have been used, in recent times, as contexts for interaction by social robotics such as children in hospitals or classrooms with positive results. Recently, the MOnarCH project explored the formation of social relations between a robot and users, namely children, in the Pediatrics ward of an Oncological hospital. This robot can navigate autonomously in the available free space, interacting with basic verbal and non-verbal utterances, explicitly when someone is recognized or touches it. The chapter shows the design process of MOnarCH which is carried out in three phases: Conceptual, Production, and Deployment and Evaluation. The main intention is to understand how the system can be designed to best suit the people and the society who need to use it and include the necessary flexibility for a posteriori behavioral adjustment. Annotated video recordings and micro-behaviors that were used in some of the experiments asserts that MOnarCH is simply a playmate for a physically and emotionally fragile population, a new experience that does not replace healthcare professionals. The empirical evidence suggests that the vast majority of children surveyed had the correct perception that the robot was not alive. Nevertheless, children acknowledged the robot’s presence in the Pediatrics ward and the liveliness features implemented positively.
João S. Sequeira, Maria Isabel Aldinhas Ferreira, Ana Nunes Barata, Maria Filomena Pereira

Fundamentals

Frontmatter
Chapter 3. Human-Robot Interaction
Abstract
Social robots are artificial socially intelligent partners, designed to interact with humans in various contexts. If well accepted by users, they can accomplish tasks (e.g., personal assistant/companion), which are particularly relevant when other humans are absent and improve the quality of life. As the main purpose of social robots is to interact with humans, they must have the ability to establish and maintain a relationship. In this context, the chapter introduces Human-Robot Interaction as interaction became more important, especially with social robots, due to the recent move of robotics from the industrial environment to the human environment. Various factors such as uncanny valley, proxemics, empathy, trust, engagement, and emotional design affect the interaction with a social robot and are explained in the chapter.
Hande Ayanoğlu, João S. Sequeira
Chapter 4. Emotions and Emotions in Design
Abstract
This chapter discusses and clarifies the concepts and definitions of emotion, feeling, and mood. Although they refer to distinct phenomena, these concepts are normally used indiscriminately when someone refers to emotions. This is followed by a brief review of the literature on the main theories applied to the study of emotions. This reference to the study of emotions will serve as the basis for the introduction and exploration of the concept, purpose, and application of Emotional Design.
Magda Saraiva, Hande Ayanoğlu
Chapter 5. On the Origins and Basic Aspects of User-Centered Design and User Experience
Abstract
Over a decade after the iPhone was first commercialized, screen-based tactile interfaces have become our primary means for interacting with computational technologies; although thanks to recent developments in Machine Learning (ML), gesture and voice control mechanisms will become more common. Smart technologies and what we end up defining and recognizing as robots will determine the practical principles, and the type of experience designers will be able to shape. To understand where the future of User-Centered Design and User Experience will take us, we need to understand how we got to where we are. The main goal of this chapter is clarifying what may be understood by User-Centered Design and User Experience. To do so, it will look at the period between the late 1960s and early 1980s, when Personal Computing and the ensuing democratization of technology forced designers to think about their users honestly.
Rodrigo Hernández-Ramírez
Chapter 6. “I Love You,” Said the Robot: Boundaries of the Use of Emotions in Human-Robot Interactions
Abstract
This chapter reflects upon the ethical, legal, and societal (ELS) implications of the use of emotions by robot technology. The first section introduces different cases where emotions play a role in human-robot interaction (HRI) contexts. This chapter draws particular attention to disparities found in recent technical literature relating to the appropriateness of the use of emotions in HRIs. These examples, coupled with the lack of guidelines on requirements, boundaries, and the appropriate use of emotions in HRI, give rise to a vast number of ELS implications that the second section addresses. Recent regulatory initiatives in the European Union (EU) aim at mitigating the risks posed by robot technologies. However, these may not entirely suffice to frame adequately the questions the use of emotions entails in these contexts.
Eduard Fosch Villaronga
Chapter 7. Ethics in Human-Robot Interaction
Abstract
As social robotics becomes ubiquitous so is the range of ethics questions involving human-robot interaction (HRI). Though Ethics is a well-established field, the human-robot mix is raising questions on the human and robot conditions that exponentiate with the increase in the number of robots in human societies. Safeguarding the human quality of life and well-being is at the core of current legislative efforts on robots. The chapter reviews some of these efforts and points to the need for an educational effort that clarifies the role of technologies, namely robotics, in societies.
João S. Sequeira

Robot Design Process

Frontmatter
Chapter 8. Emotional Design and Human-Robot Interaction
Abstract
Recent years have shown an increase in the importance of emotions applied to the Design field—Emotional Design. In this sense, the emotional design aims to elicit (e.g., pleasure) or prevent (e.g., displeasure) determined emotions, during human product interaction. That is, the emotional design regulates the emotional interaction between the individual and the product (e.g., robot). Robot design has been a growing area whereby robots are interacting directly with humans in which emotions are essential in the interaction. Therefore, this paper aims, through a non-systematic literature review, to explore the application of emotional design, particularly on Human-Robot Interaction. Robot design features (e.g., appearance, expressing emotions and spatial distance) that affect emotional design are introduced. The chapter ends with a discussion and a conclusion.
Magda Saraiva, Hande Ayanoğlu, Beste Özcan
Chapter 9. Subjective and Objective Measures
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in the study of emotions and emotional states is their measurement. The techniques used to measure emotions depend essentially on the authors’ definition of the concept of emotion. Currently, two types of measures are used: subjective and objective. While subjective measures focus on assessing the conscious recognition of one’s own emotions, objective measures allow researchers to quantify and assess the conscious and unconscious emotional processes. In this sense, when the objective is to evaluate the emotional experience from the subjective point of view of an individual in relation to a given event, then subjective measures such as self-report should be used. In addition to this, when the objective is to evaluate the emotional experience at the most unconscious level of processes such as the physiological response, objective measures should be used. There are no better or worse measures, only measures that allow access to the same phenomenon from different points of view. The chapter’s main objective is to make a survey of the main measures of evaluation of the emotions and emotional states more relevant in the current scientific panorama.
Hugo Alexandre Ferreira, Magda Saraiva

Case Study

Frontmatter
Chapter 10. Human-Robot Interaction: Exploring the Ability to Express Emotions by a Social Robot
Abstract
Robots should have characteristics that make the interaction effective and fluent for a successful Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). Since the emotions play a fundamental role in the human interaction process, many robots are introduced facial expressions, speech, body movements, among others to deepen the HRI. This chapter presents the exploration, design, and evaluation of the recognition of emotions displayed by a social robot. Initially, a pre-experiment was done to program the emotions in a virtual prototype. Afterwards, a pilot study and two experiments were conducted by manipulating the robot facial expressions and body movements to evaluate the recognition of the emotions. The results show that joy, surprise, and sadness have higher correct recognition and fear, disgust, and anger reported as lower recognition. Further study is needed regarding body movement and displacement of the robot for disgust, fear, and anger. Moreover, a robot should be introduced in a specific context to increase the recognition of emotions.
Hande Ayanoğlu, Magda Saraiva, Luís Teixeira, Emília Duarte

Future Developments

Frontmatter
Chapter 11. Artificial Intelligence in Human-Robot Interaction
Abstract
Human-Robot Interaction challenges the field of research on Artificial Intelligence in many ways, especially regarding the complexity of the physical world. While physical interactions require Artificial Intelligence techniques to handle dynamic, nondeterministic, and partially unknown environments, the communication with humans requires socially acceptable responses and common-sense knowledge to handle a broad variety of situations with complex semantics to interpret and understand. In the context of emotional design, different Artificial Intelligence techniques are necessary to allow robots to express, understand, and induce emotions as part of the interaction process. This chapter explores Human-Robot Interaction from the Artificial Intelligence point of view, presenting the main challenges, techniques, and our particular vision for future developments in this research area.
Edirlei Soares de Lima, Bruno Feijó
Metadaten
Titel
Emotional Design in Human-Robot Interaction
herausgegeben von
Hande Ayanoğlu
Emília Duarte
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-96722-6
Print ISBN
978-3-319-96721-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96722-6

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