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Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking

First International Conference, E-Energy 2010, Athens, Greece, October 14-15, 2010, Revised Selected Papers

herausgegeben von: Nikos Hatziargyriou, Aris Dimeas, Thomai Tomtsi, Anke Weidlich

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Buchreihe : Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book constitutes the postproceedings of the First International Conference on Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking, E-Energy, held in Passau, Germany in April 2010. The 23 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the post-proceedings. The papers are organized in topical sections on energy market and algorithms, ICT technology for the energy market, implementation of smart grid and smart home technology, microgrids and energy management, and energy efficiency through distributed energy management and buildings.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

E-Energy 2010 - Technical Session 1: Energy Market and Algorithms

Frontmatter

Towards an Energy Internet: A Game-Theoretic Approach to Price-Directed Energy Utilization

Abstract

The growing interest towards internet-inspired research for power transmission and distribution invariably encounters the barrier of energy storage. Limitations of energy storage can be offset, to a degree, by reliable forecasting of granular demand leading to judicious scheduling involved and incentivized by appropriate pricing signals. The anticipation of energy demand and future system state is of great benefit in scheduling capacities offsetting storage limitations. In this paper, a game is formulated that shows the effect of the synergy between anticipation and price elasticity to achieve lower Peak-to-Average Ratios and minimize waste of energy. The results demonstrate that the final demand signal can be smoother and energy efficiency increased.

Miltiadis Alamaniotis, Rong Gao, Lefteri H. Tsoukalas

Microgrid Modelling and Analysis Using Game Theory Methods

Abstract

Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that is, most notably, used in economics as well as in engineering and other disciplines. Game theory attempts to mathematically capture behaviour in strategic situations, in which an individual’s success in making choices depends on the choices of others. The microgrid encompasses a portion of an electric power distribution system that is located downstream of the distribution substation, and it includes a variety of DER units and different types of end users of electricity and/or heat. Microgrids promote the use of new technologies, under the general Smart Grids’ umbrella, in order to achieve more efficient use of electric energy, better protection, improved control and provide services to the users. For the materialization of the infrastructure needed to implement this model, engineers have nominated technologies like smart agents, distributed computing, smart sensors and others, as well as, a solid and fast communication infrastructure. In this decentralized environment, multiple decision making participants interact, each striving to optimize its own objectives. Thus, a game theoretic approach is attempted to model and analyse the strategic situations arising from the interactions.

Petros Aristidou, Aris Dimeas, Nikos Hatziargyriou

Implementation of Gossip Algorithms in Power Systems

Abstract

The main objective of the paper is to describe gossip algorithms and discuss their potential use in power systems, especially in future intelligent networks. The paper presents a generic gossip algorithm, its general and some more specific properties. In addition, general classification of the gossip algorithms is also presented. The final part of the paper presents an overview of the recent research and implementation of gossip algorithms in power systems.

Aleksandra Krkoleva, Vesna Borozan, Panayiotis G. Romanos

Demand Side Management in Private Households – Actual Potential, Future Potential, Restrictions

Abstract

Demand Side Management (DSM) is one way to keep the balance between energy generation and energy consumption and is therefore important in grids with fluctuating renewable energy sources. To explore how typical households with their specific electricity consumptions are able to take part at DSM the DSM potentials were calculated. First the DSM potentials for the single types of load in households that are practical were calculated as actual potential with actual types of appliances. Then they were calculated as future DSM potential with today’s high efficient appliances that will have replaced the actual types in households in the future. The future potential considers also expected changes like less distribution of storage heaters and much higher distributions of heat pumps and electric vehicles. Restrictions in case of DSM are considered as well because they reduce the theoretical DSM potential remarkable. Finally the financial benefits through DSM for a typical household with four persons were calculated on base of a tariff with four different prices.

Stephan Funke, Markus Speckmann

E-Energy 2010 - Technical Session 2: ICT Technology

Frontmatter

A Review of ICT Considerations in Actual AMI Deployments

Abstract

As transitioning to Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) begins to make more sense for Energy companies and actual deployment projects are increasing, field players need to effectively answer a set of business and technical challenges posed either as tradeoffs or as investment feasibility / viability problems. This review aims to provide an overview of current offerings and solutions sought, relevant to the business / technical challenges faced as well as future opportunities identified for work in this section.

Yiannis Papagrigorakis, Aris L. Dimeas, Georgia E. Asimakopoulou, Nikos D. Hatziargyriou

Coordinating Energy Based Business Models and Customer Empowerment in Future Smart Grids

Abstract

Future sustainable energy systems are in focus of several national and international R&D programs. The transition from today’s tariff-based energy systems towards future sustainable energy markets has to be supported by addressing and solving a range of challenges. Among the identified barriers are doubts of user acceptance of future Smart Grids due to lack of experiences, opportunities and possibilities: hence lack of experimental validations. Our suggestion of SLA-Agents experimental facility is aiming at filling some of those shortcomings, not the least issues related to trust by stakeholders.

Shahid Hussain, Rune Gustavsson

Performance Evaluation of a Web Service Enabled Smart Metering Platform

Abstract

A key issue for the success of a smart grid is the capability to accommodate efficient smart metering. Following the trend towards timely monitoring of energy consumption and production via Internet related technologies and in-network metering platforms, we need to investigate performance-related aspects of smart metering and how they affect the overall operation. We present here our experiences implementing a prototype framework for smart metering, discuss on some of its aspects, and evaluate its performance.

Stamatis Karnouskos, Per Goncalves da Silva, Dejan Ilic

A Review of Customer Management Tools: The Energy Industry

Abstract

In a deregulated electricity market, as the one formed by the current developments in the regulatory framework, where the electricity customers are able to choose their supplier freely, energy companies are expected to be more and more competitive, while changing the focal point of their activities from the traditional production-centered to a customer-centered. As part of this customer-centric evolution, energy companies are focusing their attention on software platforms that support closer customer relationships, enhance customer service, and reduce costs. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) constitutes a very attractive solution for addressing their customer management requirements. The present paper describes the tools incorporated in such a system and additional tools necessary for tackling future challenges.

Georgia E. Asimakopoulou, Yiannis Papagrigorakis, Aris L. Dimeas, Petros Aristidou, Nikos D. Hatziargyriou

High Level Requirements for Smart Meters that Will Enable the Efficient Deployment of Electric Vehicles

Abstract

In case the electrification of transportation, i.e. electric vehicles (EV), occurs in an uncontrollable way, electric grids may come up with various potential problems, in terms of overloaded lines, increased losses, voltage quality issues, generation adequacy etc. There is a need for a middleware between EV and grid, on the top of which the different involved parties (DNO, ESCOs and aggregators) will be able to implement their EV control and management concept. Smart meters are the key technology that will enable the efficient adaptation of EV in the electric grids. However, the lack of common requirements on functionality and open interfaces fractionalize their massive implementation and increase their cost. This paper presents the high level requirements for future smart meters that will enable the efficient EV deployment.

Evangelos Karfopoulos, Erietta Zountouridou, Stavros Papathanassiou, Nikos Hatziargyriou

E-Energy 2010 - Technical Session 3: Implementation of Smart Grid and Smart Home Technology

Frontmatter

Suppressing Peak Load at Simultaneous Demand of Electric Heating in Residential Areas

Abstract

High peak loads at distribution stations in domestic residences are expected where heating is provided merely by heat pumps with additional electric heating. Two scenarios are studied: the event of a black start and high electricity demand on a day with a very low outdoor temperature. The simulation is done with agents representing up to 100 dwellings based on PowerMatcher technology. The results demonstrate significant peak load reduction can be achieved at the expense of only a small decrease of comfort. This allows the usage of smaller load transformer units, reduces grid losses and benefits the lifetime of medium and low voltage transmission cables.

Olaf van Pruissen, René Kamphuis

Review of IEC/EN Standards for Data Exchange between Smart Meters and Devices

Abstract

With energy monitoring and control playing an increasingly important role in home energy management, Smart Meters are the key technology for the smart house deployment. Smart Meters collect data from devices to databases for analysis and billing purposes, do data logging, power quality and real time monitoring, offering the knowledge of energy consumption in order to control the flow of energy inside a house. However, the lack of common standard architectures for telecommunications to ensure interoperability between equipment and systems from different manufacturers makes a common Smart Meter adaptation more difficult. Working toward a common standard this paper presents the IEC/EN standards for data exchange between Smart Meters and devices.

Erietta Zountouridou, Evangelos Karfopoulos, Stavros Papathanassiou, Nikos Hatziargyriou

Design and Implementation of a Practical Smart Home System Based on DECT Technology

Abstract

Energy management is important not only for the homes, but also for the energy providers. With the ever-increasing broadband penetration it becomes possible the information exchange between the energy provider and customer, and a smart home management system. In this paper, we present a practical smart home system that serves as platform for efficient metering and communication within the household. The interconnection of the home appliances and the home network is realized by light-weight, feature-rich and cost-effective DECT technology (Digital Enhanced Cordless Tele-communications). Furthermore, we provide a concept of integration of the smart home system within the smart energy grid. A model is presented which served as the basis of the design and prototype realization of components of the system including an energy management device (EMD), DECT communication interfaces based on state-of-the-art technology. Finally, we present our prototype system for the concept.

Sandor Plosz, Istvan Moldovan, Tuan Anh Trinh, Andreas Foglar

Field Trials towards Integrating Smart Houses with the Smart Grid

Abstract

Treating homes, offices and commercial buildings as intelligently networked collaborations can contribute to enhancing the efficient use of energy. When smart houses are able to communicate, interact and negotiate with both customers and energy devices in the local grid, the energy consumption can be better adapted to the available energy supply, especially when the proportion of variable renewable generation is high. Several efforts focus on integrating the smart houses and the emerging smart grids. We consider that a highly heterogeneous infrastructure will be in place and no one-size-fits-all solution will prevail. Therefore, we present here our efforts focusing not only on designing a framework that will enable the gluing of various approaches via a service-enabled architecture, but also discuss on the trials of these.

Stamatis Karnouskos, Anke Weidlich, Koen Kok, Cor Warmer, Jan Ringelstein, Patrick Selzam, Aris Dimeas, Stefan Drenkard

E-Energy 2010 - Technical Session 4: Microgrids and Energy Management

Frontmatter

Demand Side Management in Smart Buildings Using KNX/EIB

Abstract

This paper aims to present the development, design and analysis of a control scheme named Thermal Model Predictive Control for Demand Side Management Cooling Strategies. The control is implemented on a building in Athens whose thermal model is derived using the Finite Difference Calculation Method. The development and testing of the thermal model is implemented on-line while the predictive controller for cooling strategies is analysed through simulation results. The advantages of the scheme are described, including the ability of the predictive controller to consult the users for energy and cost savings during the peak demand, in an acceptable way by them regarding the thermal comfort issue. Smart Grids and Smart Microgrids can communicate with this controller for increasing their efficiency.

P. Romanos, N. Hatziargyriou, Jurgen Schmid

Smart Grids: Importance of Power Quality

Abstract

The transformation from a centralized electrical grid system to a distributed electrical system via smart grids has drawn tremendous attention. Smart grids introduce new technological concepts that require interconnection between sensitive electrical and electronics components. It is important to maintain electromagnetic compatibility between these components to assure uninterrupted and high quality supply of electricity in future under deregulated grid set-up. Realization of smart grids requires balance between two main trade-offs: efficiency and reliability. Often reliability is given priority however it is not always guaranteed. Power quality is one of the important aspects responsible for smart grids reliability and should not be neglected. An adequate power quality guarantees the necessary compatibility between all equipments connected to grids. Henceforth, in this paper presents a review on smart grids structure, significance and requirement of power quality, and different levels of power quality issues in smart grids.

Vivek Agarwal, Lefteri H. Tsoukalas

Development of a Simulation Tool for Evaluating the Performance of the Pilot Microgrid at Gaidouromantra-Kythnos

Abstract

The concept of “Microgrid” is one of the most promising architectures expected to support the transition from present to future Electricity Grids by integrating large amounts of Renewable Energy Sources. The numerous benefits of microgrids have attracted attention and during the last decade several projects and researches have focused on this field. Within different European projects the pilot microgrid located at Gaidouromantra, in Kythnos island was constructed in order to electrify a number of vacation houses. In this paper, a simulation model for this microgrid together with some simple guidelines for modeling such systems are presented. The model was developed for testing the system performance under different operating conditions as a subtask of the FP6 EU project More-Microgrids. Specifically, the selected mathematical models and assumptions are presented. In addition, simulation results and discussion of them are given compared also with real data measurements which validate the model accuracy.

Evangelos Rikos, Stathis Tselepis

Cutting-Edge Information and Telecommunication Technologies Meet Energy: Energy Management Systems and Smart Web Platforms

Abstract

Green consciousness is a prerequisite for environmental protection. Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency seem to be the only way to reduce harmful greenhouse gases like CO₂. Cutting-edge technologies could be a driving force in the energy sector, covering issues that are vital for energy production, consumption and management. With rising energy costs and the move toward more sustainable buildings, increasing energy use in buildings has both financial and environmental consequences. So it is critical for building owners and facility executives to determine if their buildings are operating as efficiently as they can and if not, having the ability and control to do so. Aiming at a new era of energy, Build-IT provides energy monitoring solutions and innovative applications for energy data analysis.

Menelaos Ioannidis, Angelos Vatikalos

Routing and G-Networks to Optimise Energy and Quality of Service in Packet Networks

Abstract

We formulate the problem of joint energy and quality of service (QoS) optimisation in packet networks and show how it can be formalised using the control capabilities inherent in G-network theory, which also includes the overhead due to control traffic. Using known energy consumption characteristics of network routers and of network link driver equipment, this approach leads to a polynomial time complexity gradient optimisation algorithm which seeks a judicious balance between the QoS experienced by the users and the overall energy consumption of the network.

Erol Gelenbe, Christina Morfopoulou

Energy Efficiency through Distributed Energy Management in Buildings Workshop

Frontmatter

The BeyWatch Conceptual Model for Demand-Side Management

Abstract

The BeyWatch project designs, develops and evaluates an innovative, energy-aware and user-centric solution, able to provide intelligent energy monitoring/control and power demand balancing at home/building and larger geographical area level. The focus lies in increasing the use of ICT in power systems. We first provide a brief overview of the concepts involved. After that, we highlight one of the crucial problems of demand side management: striving to attain a balance whereby the system meaningfully influences user behavior / electricity consumption while at the same time avoiding the two extremes of either: (a) putting too much strain on consumers by forcing them to second-guess and obsessively optimize the operation of their appliances or (b) taking over control of their household. We present the BeyWatch Conceptual Model that drove the architecture definition of the BeyWatch platform which solves this conundrum. We finish with a presentation of actual architecture deployed for the trials.

Menelaos Perdikeas, Theodore Zahariadis, Pierre Plaza

NOBEL – A Neighborhood Oriented Brokerage ELectricity and Monitoring System

Abstract

Distributed generation of energy coming from various vendors, even private homes, is a big challenge for tomorrows power management systems that, unlike today, will not dispatch energy centrally or under central control. On the contrary, the production, distribution and management of energy will be treated and optimized in a distributed manner using local data. Even today, parts of the power system are highly nonlinear with fast changing dynamics. It is hard to predict disturbances and undertake countermeasures on time. In existing approaches electricity is distributed to the final users according to its expected estimated demand. Such non-dynamic approaches, are difficult to evolve and can not accommodate rapid changes in the system. By having a cross-layer and open information flow among the different actors involved we can make better and more timely predictions, and inject new dynamics in the system that will lead to better energy management and achieve better energy savings. The NOBEL project is building an energy brokerage system with which individual energy prosumers can communicate their energy needs directly to both large-scale and small-scale energy producers, thereby making energy use more efficient.

Antonio Marqués, Manuel Serrano, Stamatis Karnouskos, Pedro José Marrón, Robert Sauter, Evangelos Bekiaris, Eleni Kesidou, Joel Höglund

Monitoring and Control for Energy Efficiency in the Smart House

Abstract

The high heterogeneity in smart house infrastructures as well as in the smart grid poses several challenges when it comes into developing approaches for energy efficiency. Consequently, several monitoring and control approaches are underway, and although they share the common goal of optimizing energy usage, they are fundamentally different at design and operational level. Therefore, we consider of high importance to investigate if they can be integrated and, more importantly, we provide common services to emerging enterprise applications that seek to hide the existing heterogeneity. We present here our motivation and efforts in bringing together the PowerMatcher, BEMI and the Magic system.

Stamatis Karnouskos, Anke Weidlich, Jan Ringelstein, Aris Dimeas, Koen Kok, Cor Warmer, Patrick Selzam, Stefan Drenkard, Nikos Hatziargyriou, Vally Lioliou

Market Optimization of a Cluster of DG-RES, Micro-CHP, Heat Pumps and Energy Storage within Network Constraints: The PowerMatching City Field Test

Abstract

The share of renewable energy resources for electricity production, in a distributed setting (DG-RES), increases. The amount of energy transported via the electricity grid by substitution of fossil fuels for mobility applications (electric vehicles) and domestic heating (heat pumps) increases as well. Apart from the volume of electricity also the simultaneity factor increases at all grid levels. This poses unprecedented challenges to capacity management of the electricity infra-structure. A solution for tackling this challenge is using more active distribution networks, intelligent coordination of supply and demand using ICT and using the gas distribution network to mitigate electricity distribution bottlenecks.

In the EU FP6 Energy Program Integral project, a large scale heterogeneous field test has been designed for application of the software agent based PowerMatcher technology. The test is conducted in a suburb of Groningen, Hoogkerk, and entails approximately 30 homes with either a ‘dual fuel’ heating system (electrical heat pump with gas-fired peak-burners) or a micro-CHP. Homes also may have PV. Furthermore, a wind production facility and nodes with electricity chargers for EVs and electricity storage are part of the Virtual Power Plant cluster, constructed in this way.

Domestic heating systems have intrinsic operational flexibility in comfort management through the thermal mass of the dwellings. Furthermore, the field test comfort systems are equipped with possibilities for hot water storage for central heating as well as for tap-water. Finally, having additional gas-fired heating capacity for electrical heat-pumps adds to increasing flexibility by switching the energy source dependent on the status of the electricity grid.

Purpose of the field test is using this flexibility to react to phenomena in the electricity system.

From a commercial perspective, the aggregated cluster reacts on small-time scale events like real-time portfolio imbalance, compensation of ramp-up and ramp-down induced phenomena of large generators and compensating for variable output of renewables like PV and Wind. Aim for the latter is to reduce the margin between realization and forecast of a portfolio containing these resources.
From a distribution perspective, the total load on the transformer is monitored and coordination also involves diminishing this load during peak periods to improve the utilization of grid components and increase their lifetime.

An extensive socio-economic study is performed on user perception of the control of these new types of installations. In this paper, the component configuration and set-up of the field-test and the architecture of the ICT-network for coordination are discussed. The test has commenced in December 2009.

René Kamphuis, Bart Roossien, Frits Bliek, Albert van de Noort, Jorgen van de Velden, Johan de Wit, Marcel Eijgelaar

INTEGRAL: ICT-Platform Based Distributed Control in Electricity Grids with a Large Share of Distributed Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Sources

Abstract

The European project INTEGRAL aims to build and demonstrate an industry-quality reference solution for DER aggregation-level control and coordination, based on commonly available ICT components, standards, and platforms. To achieve this, the Integrated ICT-platform based Distributed Control (IIDC) is introduced. The project includes also three field test site installations in the Netherlands, Spain and France, covering normal, critical and emergency grid conditions.

Gerard Peppink, René Kamphuis, Koen Kok, Aris Dimeas, Evangelos Karfopoulos, Nikos Hatziargyriou, Nourédine Hadjsaid, Raphael Caire, Rune Gustavsson, Josep M. Salas, Hugo Niesing, Jörgen van der Velde, Llani Tena, Frits Bliek, Marcel Eijgelaar, Luc Hamilton, Hans Akkermans

Cellular System Model for Smart Grids Combining Active Distribution Networks and Smart Buildings

Abstract

With the European Union’s political 20-20-20 targets, the structure and control of the overall electricity grid is changing towards a smart grid.

In order to optimizing future grid management, end-users will be integrated into the energy system through incentives and several new energy services. Indeed, end-consumers will become active and independent participants in the energy market by either shifting or lowering their electricity usage as a function of both availability of certain energy sources and energy costs, thereby contributing to the development of environment- friendly energy and improvement of energy efficiency.

Smart grids are also a response to the expected increase in complexity in the control of the low-voltage level, which results from amplified fluctuation of current flows due to the high proportion of decentralized energy generation. As such, smart grids will serve to maintain or even increase supply security in this energy landscape.

At present, energy feed can still be handled by conventional means. However, with the rapid growth of decentralized generation and especially weather-dependent generation, measures must be taken to secure a reliable power supply.

In 2007 the German government initiated the E- Energy programme in order to demonstrate the smart energy supply system of the future – the smart grid - in specific model regions. As one of the six selected model regions, the Model City Mannheim project is currently developing a new ICT infrastructure to boost energy efficiency and receptivity for renewable energy as well as to strengthen grid users’ personal responsibility for their energy consumption.

This paper presents the required core elements of a future smart grid.

Andreas Kießling, Mariam Khattabi

Backmatter

Titel: Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking
herausgegeben von: Nikos Hatziargyriou
Aris Dimeas
Thomai Tomtsi
Anke Weidlich
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-19322-4
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-19321-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19322-4