nach oben

Erschienen in:

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Energy Poverty

verfasst von : Henry Louie

Erschienen in: Off-Grid Electrical Systems in Developing Countries

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This chapter introduces the concept of energy poverty: the lack of access to modern fuels such as electricity. Design of an appropriate off-grid system requires knowing the energy uses and needs of the local community. In this chapter the typical energy consumption of houses, schools, health-care facilities, and businesses in rural off-grid communities in developing countries is discussed. Characteristics of traditional fuels such as charcoal, fuel wood, animal dung, and crop residue are provided. The role of off-grid systems such as mini-grids, micro-grids, energy kiosks, solar home systems, and solar lanterns in alleviating energy poverty is described. Methods of measuring electricity access and through the Multi-Tier Framework are presented.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Energy and Development

Nächstes Kapitel Grid Extension and Enhancement

The term “tariff” refers to the pricing structure for electricity. It typically consists of a fixed monthly “connection” fee and a variable “energy” fee.

Abdullah, S., Markandya, A.: Rural electrification programmes in Kenya: Policy conclusions from a valuation study. Energy Sustain. Dev. 16(1), 103–110 (2012). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2011.10.007. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0973082611000858 CrossRef

Adkins, E., Oppelstrup, K., Modi, V.: Rural household energy consumption in the millennium villages in sub-saharan Africa. Energy Sustain. Dev. 16, 249–259 (2012). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2012.04.003. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0973082612000221 CrossRef

Alabe, M.: Household energy consumption patterns in northern Nigeria. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2(5), 42–45 (1996). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60160-X. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S097308260860160X CrossRef

World Bank: Malawi - Household Energy Use in Malawi (English). World Bank. URL http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/214711468056950074/Malawi-Household-energy-use-in-Malawi

Baring-Gould, I., Burman, K., Singh, M., Esterly, S.: Quality assurance framework for mini-grids. Tech. Rep. NREL/TP-5000-67374, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2016). URL https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/67374.pdf

Bastakoti, B.P.: The electricity-livelihood nexus: some highlights from the Andhikhola Hydroelectric and Rural Electrification Centre (AHREC). Energy Sustain. Dev. 10(3), 26–35 (2006). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60541-4. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0973082608605414 CrossRef

Bensch, G., Peters, J., Sievert, M.: The lighting transition in rural Africa – from kerosene to battery-powered led and the emerging disposal problem. Energy Sustain. Dev. 39, 13–20 (2017). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2017.03.004

Bhatia, M., Angelou, N.: Beyond connections: Energy access redefined. Tech. Rep. 008/15, ESMAP (2015)

Bhatt, B., Rathore, S., Lemtur, M., Sarkar, B.: Fuelwood energy pattern and biomass resources in Eastern Himalaya. Renewable Energy 94, 410–417 (2016). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.042. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148116302269 CrossRef

10.

Cosmas, M., Sithulisiwe, B., Jenny, S.: Factors influencing trainee teachers’ choice of schools on deployment after completion of training. Mediterranean J. Soc. Sci. 5(16), 346–356 (2014). doi: https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n16p346

11.

EnDev (Energising Development Progam): EnDev’s understanding of access to modern energy services (2011)

12.

Fankhauser, S., Tepic, S.: Can poor consumers pay for energy and water? An affordability analysis for transition countries. Energy Policy 35(2), 1038–1049 (2007). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.02.003. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421506000887

13.

Franco, A., Shaker, M., Kalubi, D., Hostettler, S.: A review of sustainable energy access and technologies for healthcare facilities in the Global South. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 22, 92–105 (2017). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2017.02.022. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213138817301376

14.

IEA: Africa energy outlook: A focus on energy prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa (2014). URL https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2014_AfricaEnergyOutlook.pdf

15.

Johnson, N.G., Bryden, K.M.: Energy supply and use in a rural west African village. Energy 43(1), 283–292 (2012). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.04.028. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544212003088. 2nd International Meeting on Cleaner Combustion (CM0901-Detailed Chemical Models for Cleaner Combustion)

16.

Jones, D., Ryan, C.M., Fisher, J.: Charcoal as a diversification strategy: The flexible role of charcoal production in the livelihoods of smallholders in central Mozambique. Energy Sustain. Dev. 32, 14–21 (2016). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.02.009. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0973082615302246 CrossRef

17.

Kanagawa, M., Nakata, T.: Assessment of access to electricity and the socio-economic impacts in rural areas of developing countries. Energy Policy 36(6), 2016–2029 (2008). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.01.041. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421508000608 CrossRef

18.

Kornbluth, K., Pon, B., Erickson, P.: An investigation of the cost and performance of a solar-powered LED light designed as an alternative to candles in Zambia: A project case study. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16(9), 6737–6745 (2012). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.08.001. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032112004704 CrossRef

19.

Leach, G.: The energy transition. Energy Policy 20, 116–123 (1992). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(92)90105-B

20.

Mandelli, S., Barbieri, J., Mereu, R., Colombo, E.: Off-grid systems for rural electrification in developing countries: Definitions, classification and a comprehensive literature review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 58, 1621–1646 (2016). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.338

21.

Matsika, R., Erasmus, B., Twine, W.: Double jeopardy: The dichotomy of fuelwood use in rural South Africa. Energy Policy 52, 716–725 (2013). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.030. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512008889. Special Section: Transition Pathways to a Low Carbon Economy

22.

McCarthy, C.E., Duffney, P.F., Wyatt, J.D., Thatcher, T.H., Phipps, R.P., Sime, P.J.: Comparison of in vitro toxicological effects of biomass smoke from different sources of animal dung. Toxicol. in Vitro 43, 76–86 (2017). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.021. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887233317301467 CrossRef

23.

Rahut, D.B., Behera, B., Ali, A., Marenya, P.: A ladder within a ladder: Understanding the factors influencing a household’s domestic use of electricity in four African countries. Energy Economics 66, 167–181 (2017). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.05.020. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988317301846 CrossRef

24.

Sarmah, R., Bora, M., Bhattacharjee, D.: Energy profiles of rural domestic sector in six un-electrified villages of Jorhat district of Assam. Energy 27(1), 17–24 (2002). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(01)00040-8. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544201000408 CrossRef

25.

Sovacool, B.K., Clarke, S., Johnson, K., Crafton, M., Eidsness, J., Zoppo, D.: The energy-enterprise-gender nexus: Lessons from the Multifunctional Platform (MFP) in Mali. Renewable Energy 50, 115–125 (2013). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.06.024. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148112003758 CrossRef

26.

Sovacool, B.K., Ryan, S.E.: The geography of energy and education: Leaders, laggards, and lessons for achieving primary and secondary school electrification. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 58, 107–123 (2016). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.219. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115016020 CrossRef

27.

Sustainable Energy for All: Global tracking framework (2013). URL ”http://www.seforall.org/global-tracking-framework”

28.

Sustainable Energy for All: Global tracking framework (2015). URL ”http://www.seforall.org/global-tracking-framework”

29.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): Access to basic services in public schools by level of education: Percentage of primary schools with access to electricity, education and literacy: Africa (2015). URL http://data.uis.unesco.org/

30.

World Health Organization: WHO indoor air quality guidelines: household fuel combustion (2014)

Titel: Energy Poverty
verfasst von: Henry Louie
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Off-Grid Electrical Systems in Developing Countries
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-91889-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-91890-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91890-7_2