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Journal of Inequalities and Applications

Erschienen in:

Open Access 01.12.2014 | Research

Entire solutions of certain type of difference equations

verfasst von: Nana Liu, Weiran Lü, Tiantian Shen, Chungchun Yang

Erschienen in: Journal of Inequalities and Applications | Ausgabe 1/2014

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Abstract

In this paper, we shall study the conditions regarding the existence of transcendental entire solutions of certain type of difference equations. Our results are either supplements to some results obtained recently, or are relating to the conjecture raised in Yang and Laine (Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. A, Math. Sci. 86:10-14, 2010). Finally, two relevant conjectures are posed for further studies.

MSC:39B32, 34M05, 30D35.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

All authors drafted the manuscript, read and approved the final manuscript.

1 Introduction, notations and main results

Let f denote a transcendental entire or meromorphic function. Assuming the reader is familiar with the basics of Nevanlinna’s value distribution theory, we shall adopt the standard notations associated with the theory, such as the characteristic function

T (r, f)

, the counting function of the poles

N (r, f)

, and the proximity function

m (r, f)

(see, e.g., [1, 2]).

Among many interesting applications of the Nevanlinna theory, there are studies on the growth and existence of entire or meromorphic solutions of various types of non-linear differential equations, and one can find prototypes for such equations, e.g., in [3‐5] and [6]. Recently, the Nevanlinna theory has been applied to study types of non-linear difference equations, see, e.g., [7, 8]. Now, we shall utilize Clunie type of theorems for difference-differential polynomials to study some non-linear difference equations of more general forms and to obtain some improvements of or supplements to [7, 9], and [10].

Notations Given a meromorphic function f, recall that

α ≢ 0, \infty

is a small function with respect to f, if

T (r, α) = S (r, f)

, where

S (r, f)

denotes any quantity satisfying

S (r, f) = o {T (r, f)}

r \to + \infty

, possibly outside a set of r of finite linear measure. For a constant

c \in C

f (z + c)

is called a shift of f. As for a difference product, we mean a difference monomial of type

\prod_{j = 1}^{k} f {(z + c_{j})}^{n_{j}}

, where

c_{1}, \dots, c_{k}

are complex constants and

n_{1}, \dots, n_{k}

are natural numbers.

Definition 1.1 A difference polynomial, respectively, a difference-differential polynomial, in f is a finite sum of difference products of f and its shifts, respectively, of products of f, derivatives of f and of their shifts, with all the coefficients of these monomials being small functions of f.

Consider a transcendental meromorphic function

f (z)

and let

P (z, f) = \sum_{l = 1}^{n} a_{l} (z) \prod_{j = 0}^{k} {f^{(j)} (z + c_{l j})}^{n_{l j}},

where

a_{l} (z)

(

l = 1, 2, \dots, n

) are small functions of f, and

c_{l j}

(

l = 1, 2, \dots, n

;

j = 0, 1, \dots, k

) are complex constants, and

n_{l j}

(

l = 1, 2, \dots, n

;

j = 0, 1, \dots, k

) are natural numbers.

Two terms

a_{l} (z) \prod_{j = 0}^{k} {f^{(j)} (z + c_{l j})}^{n_{l j}}

and

a_{l^{'}} (z) \prod_{j = 0}^{k} {f^{(j)} (z + c_{l j})}^{n_{l^{'} j}}

are called similar, if

n_{l j} = n_{l^{'} j} (j = 0, 1, \dots, k) .

Group together similar terms of

P (z, f)

, if necessary. In the following, we assume that no two terms of

P (z, f)

are similar and that

a_{l} (z) ≢ 0

(

l = 1, 2, \dots, n

Definition 1.2 We define the total degree d of

P (z, f)

d : = d (P (z, f)) = max_{1 \leq l \leq n} {\sum_{j = 0}^{k} n_{l j}} .

For the sake of simplicity, we let

Δ f (z) = f (z + 1) - f (z)

Δ^{n} f (z) = Δ (Δ^{n - 1} f (z))

(

n \geq 2

Yang and Laine [10] considered the following difference equation and proved it.

Theorem A A non-linear difference equation

f^{3} (z) + q (z) f (z + 1) = c sin b z,

where

q (z)

is a non-constant polynomial and

b, c \in C

are nonzero constants, does not admit entire solutions of finite order. If

q (z) = q

is a nonzero constant, then the above equation possesses three distinct entire solutions of finite order, provided that

b = 3 n π

and

q^{3} = {(- 1)}^{n + 1} c^{2} 27 / 4

for a nonzero integer n.

Now, we shall substitute

f (z + 1)

Δ f (z)

in Theorem A and prove the following results.

Theorem 1.1 Let

n \geq 4

be an integer,

q (z)

be a polynomial, and

p_{1}

p_{2}

α_{1}

α_{2}

be nonzero constants such that

α_{1} \neq α_{2}

. If there exists some entire solution f of finite order to (1.1) below

f^{n} (z) + q (z) Δ f (z) = p_{1} e^{α_{1} z} + p_{2} e^{α_{2} z},

(1.1)

then

q (z)

is a constant, and one of the following relations holds:

(1)

f (z) = c_{1} e^{\frac{α_{1}}{n} z}

, and

c_{1} (e^{α_{1} / n} - 1) q = p_{2}

α_{1} = n α_{2}

(2)

f (z) = c_{2} e^{\frac{α_{2}}{n} z}

, and

c_{2} (e^{α_{2} / n} - 1) q = p_{1}

α_{2} = n α_{1}

where

c_{1}

c_{2}

are constants satisfying

c_{1}^{n} = p_{1}

c_{2}^{n} = p_{2}

Corollary 1.1 Let

n \geq 4

be an integer,

q (z) ≢ 0

be a polynomial, and p, α be nonzero constants. Then the non-linear difference equation

f^{n} (z) + q (z) Δ f (z) = p e^{α z}

has no transcendental entire solutions of finite order provided that

\frac{α}{n} \neq 2 k π i

, where k is an integer.

By some further analysis, we can derive the following result.

Theorem 1.2 A non-linear difference equation

f^{3} (z) + q (z) Δ^{3} f (z) = c sin b z,

(1.2)

where

q (z)

is a non-constant polynomial and

b, c \in C

are nonzero constants, does not admit entire solutions of finite order. If

q (z) = q

is a nonzero constant, then (1.2) possesses solutions of the form

f (z) = c_{1} e^{\frac{b i}{3} z} + c_{2} e^{- \frac{b i}{3} z}

c_{1}^{3} = - c_{2}^{3} = \frac{c}{2 i}

, provided that

b = 3 n π

, n is an odd number,

q^{3} = \frac{27}{2, 048} c^{2}

b = 6 n π \pm π

q^{3} = - \frac{27}{4} c^{2}

Examples In the special case of

f^{3} (z) - \frac{3}{8} Δ^{3} f (z) = 2 i sin 3 π z,

a finite order entire solution is

f (z) = 2 i sin π z = e^{i π z} - e^{- i π z}

And

f^{3} (z) + 3 Δ^{3} f (z) = 2 i sin 7 π z

has the entire solution

f (z) = e^{\frac{7 π}{3} i z} - e^{- \frac{7 π}{3} i z}

Corollary 1.2 The non-linear difference equation

f^{n} + q Δ f (z) = c sin b z,

where q is a nonzero constant, possesses solutions of the form

f = c_{1} e^{\frac{b i}{3} z} + c_{2} e^{- \frac{b i}{3} z}

, if and only if

n = 3

Theorem B ([10], Theorem 2.4)

Let p, q be polynomials, then a non-linear difference equation

f^{2} (z) + q (z) f (z + 1) = p (z)

has no transcendental entire solutions of finite order.

We shall modify the equation in Theorem B above and derive the following result.

Theorem 1.3 Let

l \geq 2

n \geq 1

be integers,

a (z)

and

b (z)

be meromorphic functions such that

T (r, a) = λ_{1} T (r, f) + S (r, f)

T (r, b) = λ_{2} T (r, f) + S (r, f)

, where non-negative numbers

λ_{1}

λ_{2}

satisfy

λ_{1} + λ_{2} < 1

. Then

f^{l} (z) + a (z) Δ^{n} f (z) = b (z)

(1.3)

has no transcendental entire solutions of hyper-order

σ_{2} (f) < 1

2 Preliminaries

In order to prove our conclusions, we need some lemmas.

Lemma 2.1 ([7])

Let f be a transcendental meromorphic solution of finite order ρ of a difference equation of the form

H (z, f) P (z, f) = Q (z, f),

(2.1)

where

H (z, f)

P (z, f)

Q (z, f)

are difference polynomials in f such that the total degree of

H (z, f)

in f and its shifts is n, and that the corresponding total degree of

Q (z, f)

is ≤n. If

H (z, f)

contains just one term of maximal total degree, then for any

ε > 0

m (r, P (z, f)) = O (r^{ρ - 1 + ε}) + S (r, f),

possibly outside of an exceptional set of finite logarithmic measure.

Remark 2.1 The following result is a Clunie type lemma [11] for the difference-differential polynomials of a meromorphic function f. It can be proved by applying Lemma 2.1 with a similar reasoning as in [10] and stated as follows.

Let

f (z)

be a meromorphic function of finite order, and let

P (z, f)

Q (z, f)

be two difference-differential polynomials of f. If

f^{n} P (z, f) = Q (z, f)

holds and if the total degree of

Q (z, f)

in f and its derivatives and their shifts is ≤n, then

m (r, P (z, f)) = S (r, f)

Lemma 2.2 ([12])

Suppose that m, n are positive integers satisfying

\frac{1}{m} + \frac{1}{n} < 1

. Then there exist no transcendental entire solutions f and g satisfying the equation

a f^{n} + b g^{m} = 1

, with a, b being small functions of f and g, respectively.

Lemma 2.3 ([13])

Assume that

c \in C

is a nonzero constant, α is a non-constant meromorphic function. Then the differential equation

f^{2} + {(c f^{(n)})}^{2} = α

has no transcendental meromorphic solutions satisfying

T (r, α) = S (r, f)

Lemma 2.4 ([14, 15])

Let f be a transcendental meromorphic function of finite order ρ, then for any complex numbers

c_{1}

c_{2}

and for each

ε > 0

m (r, \frac{f (z + c_{1})}{f (z + c_{2})}) = O (r^{ρ - 1 + ε})

References [16] and [17] further pointed out the following.

Remark 2.2 If f is a non-constant finite order meromorphic function and

c \in C

, then

m (r, \frac{f (z + c)}{f (z)}) = S (r, f),

(2.2)

outside of a possible exceptional set with finite logarithmic measure.

We also know that Remark 2.2 has been improved by Halburd et al. [18]. They proved that (2.2) is also true when f is a meromorphic function of hyper-order

σ_{2} (f) < 1

3 Proof of Theorem 1.1

Suppose that f is a transcendental entire solution of finite order to (1.1). By differentiating both sides of (1.1), we have

n f^{n - 1} f^{'} + {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{'} = α_{1} p_{1} e^{α_{1} z} + α_{2} p_{2} e^{α_{2} z} .

(3.1)

From (1.1) and (3.1), we obtain

α_{2} f^{n} + α_{2} q (z) Δ f (z) - n f^{n - 1} f^{'} - {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{'} = (α_{2} - α_{1}) p_{1} e^{α_{1} z},

(3.2)

α_{1} f^{n} + α_{1} q (z) Δ f (z) - n f^{n - 1} f^{'} - {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{'} = (α_{1} - α_{2}) p_{2} e^{α_{2} z} .

(3.3)

Differentiating (3.2) yields

\begin{aligned} n α_{2} f^{n - 1} f^{'} + α_{2} {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{'} - n (n - 1) f^{n - 2} {(f^{'})}^{2} - n f^{n - 1} f^{″} - {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{″} \\ = α_{1} (α_{2} - α_{1}) p_{1} e^{α_{1} z} . \end{aligned}

(3.4)

It follows from (3.2) and (3.4) that

f^{n - 2} φ = T (f),

(3.5)

where

\begin{matrix} φ = α_{1} α_{2} f^{2} - n (α_{1} + α_{2}) f^{'} f + n (n - 1) {(f^{'})}^{2} + n f^{″} f, \\ T (f) = - α_{1} α_{2} q (z) Δ f (z) + (α_{1} + α_{2}) {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{'} - {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{″} . \end{matrix}

Next, we shall prove

φ \equiv 0

. In fact, since T is a difference-differential polynomial in f, and its degree at most 1. By (3.5) and Remark 2.1 after Lemma 2.1, we have

m (r, φ) = S (r, f)

, and

T (r, φ) = S (r, f)

. On the other hand, we can rewrite (3.5) as

f^{n - 3} f φ = T (f)

, which implies

m (r, f φ) = S (r, f)

, and

T (r, f φ) = S (r, f)

. If

φ ≢ 0

, then

T (r, f) = T (r, \frac{f φ}{φ}) = S (r, f)

, and this is impossible. Hence

φ \equiv 0

, and

T \equiv 0

, i.e.

- α_{1} α_{2} q (z) Δ f (z) + (α_{1} + α_{2}) {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{'} - {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{″} \equiv 0 .

(3.6)

q (z) Δ f (z) \equiv 0

, then (1.1) can be rewritten as

\frac{1}{p_{1}} {(f e^{- \frac{α_{1}}{n} z})}^{n} - \frac{p_{2}}{p_{1}} {(e^{\frac{1}{3} (α_{2} - α_{1}) z})}^{3} = 1,

which is impossible by Lemma 2.2. Thus,

q (z) Δ f (z) ≢ 0

. It is easily seen from

α_{1} \neq α_{2}

that

α_{1} q (z) Δ f (z) - {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{'} \equiv 0

and

α_{2} q (z) Δ f (z) - {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{'} \equiv 0

cannot hold simultaneously.

First of all, we assume that

α_{2} q (z) Δ f (z) - {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{'} ≢ 0

, then (3.6) gives

α_{2} q (z) Δ f (z) - {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{'} = A e^{α_{1} z},

where A is a nonzero constant. Substituting the above expression into (3.2), we obtain

f^{n - 1} (α_{2} f - n f^{'}) = \frac{(α_{2} - α_{1}) p_{1} - A}{A} (α_{2} q (z) Δ f (z) - {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{'}) .

Again, Lemma 2.1 shows that

α_{2} f - n f^{'} \equiv 0

(α_{2} - α_{1}) p_{1} = A

. So

f^{n} = B e^{α_{2} z},

(3.7)

where B is a constant.

Substituting (3.7) into (1.1), we find

(1 - \frac{p_{2}}{B}) f^{n} = \frac{p_{1} (α_{2} q (z) Δ f (z) - {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{'})}{A} - q (z) Δ f (z) .

B \neq p_{2}

, by Lemma 2.1, we get

T (r, f) = m (r, f) = S (r, f)

, which is absurd. So

B = p_{2}

, and

f = c_{2} e^{\frac{α_{2}}{n} z} = c_{2} e^{α_{1} z}

c_{2}^{n} = B = p_{2}

c_{2} (e^{α_{2} / n} - 1) q = p_{1}

α_{1} q (z) Δ f (z) - {(q (z) Δ f (z))}^{'} ≢ 0

, by (3.3) and using similar arguments as above, we can derive

f = c_{1} e^{\frac{α_{1}}{n} z} = c_{1} e^{α_{2} z}

c_{1}^{n} = p_{1}

c_{1} (e^{α_{1} / n} - 1) q = p_{2}

This completes the proof of Theorem 1.1.

Remark 3.1 Suggested by the referee, one can also derive the conclusions of Theorem 1.1 when

φ \equiv 0

In fact, since φ in (3.5) vanishes identically, dividing with

f^{2}

, and recalling

f^{″} / f = {(f^{'} / f)}^{'} + {(f^{'} / f)}^{2}

, we get the Riccati equation

t^{'} + n t^{2} - (α_{1} + α_{2}) t + α_{1} α_{2} / n = 0,

where

t : = f^{'} / f

. This equation has two constant solutions,

t = α_{1} / n

t = α_{2} / n

. By Corollary 5.2 in the paper by Bank et al. [19], all other meromorphic solutions are of infinite order. And from this one can obtain the two entire solutions of exponential type.

4 Proof of Theorem 1.2

Suppose that f is a transcendental entire solution of finite order to (1.2), differentiating (1.2) results in

3 f^{2} f^{'} + q^{'} (z) Δ^{3} f (z) + q (z) (f^{'} (z + 3) - 3 f^{'} (z + 2) + 3 f^{'} (z + 1) - f^{'} (z)) = b c cos b z .

(4.1)

Combining (1.2) and (4.1), we obtain

f^{4} [9 {(f^{'})}^{2} + b^{2} f^{2}] = T_{4} (f),

(4.2)

where

T_{4} (f)

is a difference-differential polynomial of f, and its total degree at most 4.

T_{4} (f) \equiv 0

, it follows from (4.2) that

9 {(f^{'})}^{2} + b^{2} f^{2} \equiv 0

, then

f^{'} = \pm \frac{b i}{3} f

, and there exists a nonzero constant c such that

f = c e^{\pm \frac{b i}{3} z}

. Substituting the expression of f into (1.2), we arrive at a contradiction. Therefore,

T_{4} (f) ≢ 0

. Set

β = 9 {(f^{'})}^{2} + b^{2} f^{2}

, then Lemma 2.1 shows that

m (r, β) = S (r, f)

, i.e. β is a small function of f. Moreover, from Lemma 2.3, it is easy to see that β is a constant. By differentiating both sides of

β = 9 {(f^{'})}^{2} + b^{2} f^{2}

, we get

f^{″} + {(\frac{b}{3})}^{2} f = 0 .

(4.3)

It follows from (4.3) that

f = c_{1} e^{\frac{b i}{3} z} + c_{2} e^{- \frac{b i}{3} z},

(4.4)

where

c_{1}

c_{2}

are constants. Substituting (4.4) into (1.2), we have

a_{1} w^{6} + a_{2} w^{4} + a_{3} w^{2} + a_{4} = 0,

where

w = e^{\frac{b i}{3} z}

a_{1} = c_{1}^{3} - \frac{c}{2 i}

a_{2} = 3 c_{1}^{2} c_{2} + c_{1} q (z) e^{b i} - 3 q (z) c_{1} e^{\frac{2 b i}{3}} + 3 q (z) c_{1} e^{\frac{b i}{3}} - c_{1} q (z)

a_{3} = 3 c_{1} c_{2}^{2} + c_{2} q (z) e^{- b i} - 3 q (z) c_{2} e^{- \frac{2 b i}{3}} + 3 q (z) c_{2} e^{- \frac{b i}{3}} - c_{2} q (z)

a_{4} = c_{2}^{3} + \frac{c}{2 i}

Since w is transcendental, we must have

a_{1} = a_{2} = a_{3} = a_{4} = 0

. It follows from

a_{2} = a_{3} = 0

that

{(e^{\frac{b i}{3}} - 1)}^{3} = {(e^{- \frac{b i}{3}} - 1)}^{3} .

(4.5)

Let

v = e^{\frac{b i}{3}}

, then from (4.5) we get

v - 1 = u_{k} (\frac{1}{v} - 1), k = 1, 2, 3,

(4.6)

where

u_{1} = 1

u_{2} = \frac{- 1 + \sqrt{3} i}{2}

u_{3} = \frac{- 1 - \sqrt{3} i}{2}

Now we distinguish three cases to discuss.

Case 1. Let

u_{k} = 1

, we conclude

e^{\frac{2 b i}{3}} = 1 = e^{2 n π i}

, so

b = 3 n π

, which and

a_{2} = 0

imply that

3 c_{1} c_{2} + q (z) (v^{3} - 3 v^{2} + 3 v - 1) = 0,

and

3 c_{1} c_{2} = 4 q (z) (1 - {(- 1)}^{n})

, where

c_{1} \neq 0

c_{2} \neq 0

are constants. Therefore n is odd and

q^{3} = \frac{27}{2, 048} c^{2}

Case 2. Assume that

u_{k} = \frac{- 1 + \sqrt{3} i}{2}

; by a similar method as Case 1, we get

b = 6 n π

b = 6 n π - π

b = 6 n π

, combining with

a_{2} = 0

, we find

c_{1} c_{2} = 0

, which is a contradiction.

b = 6 n π - π

, substituting this expression of b into

a_{2} = 0

, we have

q^{3} = - \frac{27}{4} c^{2}

Case 3. While

u_{k} = \frac{- 1 - \sqrt{3} i}{2}

, using a similar way as above, we get

b = 6 n π

b = 6 n π + π

. If

b = 6 n π

, we can get a contradiction, hence

b = 6 n π + π

, and

q^{3} = - \frac{27}{4} c^{2}

This completes the proof of Theorem 1.2.

5 Proof of Theorem 1.3

Suppose that f is a transcendental entire solutions of hyper-order

σ_{2} (f) < 1

to (1.3). Without loss of generality, we assume that

a ≢ 0

. Remark 2.2 after Lemma 2.4 and (1.3) will give

\begin{array}{rcl} l m (r, f) & = & m (r, b - a Δ^{n} f (z)) \\ \leq & m (r, f) + O (r^{ρ - 1 + ε}) + (λ_{1} + λ_{2}) T (r, f) + S (r, f) . \end{array}

(l - 1) T (r, f) = (l - 1) m (r, f) \leq O (r^{ρ - 1 + ε}) + (λ_{1} + λ_{2}) T (r, f) + S (r, f) .

For

l \geq 2

λ_{1} + λ_{2} < 1

, we get a contradiction, thus (1.3) has no transcendental entire solutions of hyper-order

σ_{2} (f) < 1

This also completes the proof of Theorem 1.3.

6 Final remark and conjectures

The current Clunie types of theorems regarding difference-differential polynomials are mainly useful or effective to deal with problems relating to entire or meromorphic solutions of finite order for certain types of difference-differential equations. Thus, it is very natural for us to pose the following two conjectures, for further studies.

Conjecture 6.1 There are no entire solutions of infinite order for any equations (1.1), (1.2), and (1.3).

Conjecture 6.2 Equations of the forms

f^{n} (z) + P (z, f (z), f (z + c_{1}), \dots, f (z + c_{k})) = q_{1} (z) e^{α_{1} z} + q_{2} (z) e^{α_{2} z}

have no entire solutions of infinite order, where

P (z, f (z), f (z + c_{1}), \dots, f (z + c_{k}))

is a difference polynomial,

q_{1}

q_{2}

are polynomials,

n \geq 2

and

k \geq 1

are integers, and

α_{1}

α_{2}

c_{j}

(

j = 1, 2, \dots, k

) are constants.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the referee for his/her reading of the original version of the manuscript with valuable suggestions and comments.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

All authors drafted the manuscript, read and approved the final manuscript.

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Titel: Entire solutions of certain type of difference equations
verfasst von: Nana Liu
Weiran Lü
Tiantian Shen
Chungchun Yang
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2014
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: Journal of Inequalities and Applications / Ausgabe 1/2014
Elektronische ISSN: 1029-242X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-63

Springer Professional

Entire solutions of certain type of difference equations

Abstract

Competing interests

Authors’ contributions

1 Introduction, notations and main results

2 Preliminaries

3 Proof of Theorem 1.1

4 Proof of Theorem 1.2

5 Proof of Theorem 1.3

6 Final remark and conjectures

Acknowledgements

Competing interests

Authors’ contributions

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Springer Professional

Abstract

Competing interests

Authors’ contributions

1 Introduction, notations and main results

2 Preliminaries

3 Proof of Theorem 1.1

4 Proof of Theorem 1.2

5 Proof of Theorem 1.3

6 Final remark and conjectures

Acknowledgements

Competing interests

Authors’ contributions

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