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Small Business Economics

Erschienen in:

02.01.2019

Exploring the impact of R&D on patenting activity in small women-owned and minority-owned entrepreneurial firms

verfasst von: Albert N. Link, Martijn van Hasselt

Erschienen in: Small Business Economics | Ausgabe 4/2020

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Abstract

The relevant economics literature on the impact of R&D on patenting activity falls within two methodological areas of inquiry. The first area might be classified as a test of the Schumpeterian hypothesis. The second and lesser research area might be classified as an estimation of the knowledge production function relationship between R&D and patenting. This paper focuses on estimates of the R&D-to-patenting relationship for a random sample of small, entrepreneurial firms whose research projects were supported through the US Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. Our paper contributes to the R&D-to-patenting literature in two ways. It examines empirically a unique set of small, entrepreneurial firms funded by the public sector, and it explores the effect of the gender and ethnicity of firm owners on the propensity of their firms to patent from funded research projects.

Vorheriger Artikel The moderating role of education in the relationship between FDI and entrepreneurial activity

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This specification comes from Audretsch as discussed in Audretsch and Link (2019).

Audretsch and Link (2018) make a case that knowledge that spills over from the public sector is also a relevant input into Kn. Our SBIR data set, as discussed in Section 3, does not include a measure of knowledge spillovers from the public sector to the private sector.

Early emphasis on small firms traces at least to the Small Business Act of 1953 (Public Law 85-536) which created the Small Business Administration (SBA). Over two decades later, President Jimmy Carter’s 1979 Domestic Policy Review foretold of what was to become the current SBIR program (although a prototype program started in 1977 at the National Science Foundation). See President Carter’s Industrial Innovation Initiatives Message to the Congress on Administration Actions and Proposals (October 31, 1979): http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31628. President Carter’s message to Congress was in response to the productivity slowdown throughout the US economy that began in the early 1970s and worsened in the late-1970s.

Institutional background on the SBIR program is in Link and Scott (2012), Leyden and Link (2015), and Hayter et al. (2018) and in the public domain references therein. See also, Hayter and Link (2018) on patenting and publishing in entrepreneurial firms.

Current funding guidelines allow, under certain conditions, an agency to increase Phase I and Phase II awards by up to 50%.

About 50% of all SBIR Phase II awards are funded by DoD. See Link and Scott (2012).

The NRC survey asks if the owner of the firm is a minority or not; the survey does not ask about the ethnicity of the minority owner. Thus, our ownership categories are de facto White-owned and non-White-owned firms.

One could take the logarithm of both sides of Eq. (5) to derive a linear knowledge production function model. However, to estimate it by least squares, firms with zero patent applications would have to be deleted. The Poisson model and negative binominal model allow for the dependent variable to be zero.

Based on the statistical significance of the overdispersion parameter (alpha) in the negative binominal model, overdispersion (i.e., the variance being greater than the mean) is an issue and thus the negative binominal model provides a better fit to the data, compared to the Poisson model.

Audretsch, D. B., & Link, A. N. (2018). Entrepreneurship and knowledge spillovers from the public sector. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0538-z.CrossRef

Audretsch, D. B., & Link, A. N. (2019). Sources of knowledge and entrepreneurial behavior. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Audretsch, D. B., Link, A. N., & Scott, J. T. (2018). Frederic M. Scherer: over a half century—and counting—of seminal scholarly contributions. Review of Industrial Organization, 52, 502–508.

Cook, L. D., & Kongcharoen, C. (2010). The idea gap in pink and black. NBER working paper, 16331.

Czarnitzki, D., Kraft, K., & Thorwarth, S. (2009). The knowledge production of ‘R’ and ‘D’. Economics Letters, 105, 141–143.CrossRef

Ding, W. W., Murray, F., & Stuart, T. E. (2006). Gender differences in patenting in the academic life sciences. Science, 313, 665–667.CrossRef

Griliches, Z. (1979). Issues in assessing the contribution of research and development to productivity growth. Bell Journal of Economics, 10, 92–116.CrossRef

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Hall, B. H., & Ziedonis, R. H. (2001). The patent paradox revisited: an empirical study of patenting in the U.S. semiconductor industry, 1979-1995. RAND Journal of Economics, 32, 101–128.CrossRef

Hayter, C. S., & Link, A. N. (2018). Why do knowledge-intensive entrepreneurial firms publish their innovative ideas? Academy of Management Perspectives, 32, 141–155.CrossRef

Hayter, C. S., Link, A. N., & Scott, J. T. (2018). Public sector entrepreneurship. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 34, 676–694.CrossRef

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Leyden, D. P., & Link, A. N. (2015). Public sector entrepreneurship: U.S. technology and innovation policy. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef

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Link, A. N., & Scott, J. T. (2018). Propensity to patent and firm size for small R&D-intensive firms. Review of Industrial Organization, 52, 561–587.CrossRef

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Link, A. N., Morris, C. A., & van Hasselt, M. (2018). The impact of Public R&D Investments on patenting activity: technology transfer at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Economics of Innovation and New Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2018.1542772.CrossRef

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Titel: Exploring the impact of R&D on patenting activity in small women-owned and minority-owned entrepreneurial firms
verfasst von: Albert N. Link
Martijn van Hasselt
Publikationsdatum: 02.01.2019
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Small Business Economics / Ausgabe 4/2020
Print ISSN: 0921-898X
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-0913
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-00130-9

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