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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Financial Markets and Instruments

verfasst von : Selim S. Hacιsalihzade

Erschienen in: Control Engineering and Finance

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The Chapter begins by introducing the concept of time value of money, fixed income instruments like savings accounts, certificates of deposit and bonds. It then moves on to cover a number of topics, from common stocks to various types of funds like common stock funds, balanced funds and exchange traded funds. Commodities, real estate and some other instruments for investing are mentioned. Fundamental concepts relating to risk, return and utility are also reviewed in this Chapter. Finally, the role and importance of the banks in economies are presented.

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Fußnoten
1
Several researchers, most notably Amos Nathan Tversky (1937–1996) and Daniel Kahneman (1934–), who “shared” the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2002, have studied the correlation of income and happiness. They were able to confirm empirically that people do not make their economic decisions rationally [131]. Kahneman who is not an economist but a psychologist, also found that once the yearly income exceeds $50’000, the effect of additional income on increasing happiness drops very fast [63].
 
2
Lionel Robbins, British economist (1898–1984); mostly famous for his instrumental efforts in shifting Anglo-Saxon economics from its earlier neoclassical direction as shaped by Alfred Marshall.
 
3
Karl Marx, German philosopher and economist (1818–1883); famous for his theories about society, economics and politics, known as Marxism, an ideology which affected the 20th century to a great extent.
 
4
Many portfolios comprise instruments in different currencies. In such cases it is important to define a reference currency and follow the performance of the portfolio in that currency. It makes sense to choose as the reference currency the currency in which the investor expects to have most of his spending in the future. In most cases the reference currency will, therefore, be the currency of the country where the investor resides.
 
5
Conditional value at risk is a risk assessment technique often used to reduce the probability that a portfolio will incur large losses. This is performed by assessing the likelihood (at a specific confidence level) that a specific loss will exceed the value at risk. Mathematically speaking, CVaR is derived by taking a weighted average between the value at risk and losses exceeding the value at risk.
 
6
Nicolaus Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (1687–1759).
 
7
Daniel Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and physicist (1700–1782).
 
Metadaten
Titel
Financial Markets and Instruments
verfasst von
Selim S. Hacιsalihzade
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64492-9_6

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