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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Stochastic Analysis

verfasst von : Selim S. Hacιsalihzade

Erschienen in: Control Engineering and Finance

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter begins by studying white noise closely and by introducing the concept of stochastic differential equations (SDE). Different ways of solving such equations are then discussed. Stochastic integration and Itô integrals are shown together with Itô’s lemma for scalar and vector processes. Various stochastic models used in financial applications are illustrated. The connection between deterministic partial differential equations and SDE’s is indicated. The chapter aims to give just a taste of stochastic calculus/stochastic control and whet the appetite for this broad field. The reader is referred to standard books of reference for an in depth study of the subject matter.

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Fußnoten
1
This chapter follows the structure of [46].
 
2
Kiyoshi Itô, Japanese mathematician (1915–2008).
 
3
Ruslan Stratonovich, Russian physicist (1930–1997).
 
4
A martingale is a stochastic process whose conditional expectation of the next value, given the current and preceding values, is the current value. Formally, \(\text {E}[X_{n+1}| X_1, X_2, \ldots , X_N]= X_n \ \forall n\). For instance, a fair coin game is a martingale but a blackjack game is not.
 
5
For an exact discussion of the conditions for the stochastic integral to be well defined see [33].
 
6
\(X(t, \omega )\) is a random process, but for brevity X(t) or just X is used.
 
7
\(\phi _x\) is used for \(\frac{\partial \phi }{\partial X}\), \(\phi _{xx}\) for \(\frac{\partial ^2 \phi }{\partial X^2}\) and \(\phi _{xt}\) for \(\frac{\partial ^2 \phi }{\partial X \partial t}\).
 
8
The components of the vector \(\mathbf {W}(\cdot )\), \(W_i(\cdot )\) are independent scalar Brownian motions.
 
9
These equations are coupled, because \(\mathbf {X}=[X_1 \quad X_2]^T\), hence \(X_1=f_1(t, X_1, X_2), X_2=f_2(t, X_1, X_2)\).
 
10
An affine mapping is the composition of translation and a stretching. Vector algebra uses matrix multiplication to represent linear mappings (stretching) and vector addition to represent translations. Formally, in the finite-dimensional case, if the linear mapping is represented as a multiplication by a matrix \(\mathbf {A}\) and the translation as the addition of a vector \(\mathbf {b}\) an affine mapping \(\mathbf {f}\) acting on a vector \(\mathbf {x}\) can be represented as \(\mathbf {f}(\mathbf {x}) = \mathbf {Ax} + \mathbf {b}\).
 
11
If the SDE in (5.26) is controlled externally by the control vector \(\mathbf {u}(t)\) it becomes
$$\begin{aligned} d\mathbf {X}(t)=(\mathbf {A}(t)\mathbf {X}(t)+\mathbf {C}(t)\mathbf {u}(t)+\mathbf {a}(t))dt+\sum _{i=1}^{m}(\mathbf {B}_i(t)\mathbf {X}(t)\mathbf {D}_i(t)\mathbf {u}(t)+\mathbf {b}_i(t))dW_i \end{aligned}$$
where \(\mathbf {u}(t)\) is the k-dimensional control vector, \(\mathbf {C}(t)\) and \(\mathbf {D}_i (t)\) are \(n \times k\) matrices.
 
12
The mathematical concept of conditional expected value is rather subtle. An introduction to its intricacies can be found in [66] or [93].
 
13
It is possible to buy a derivative product (see Chapter 9) called a volatility swap which pays off a profit proportional to the average volatility of the stock in a given period.
 
Metadaten
Titel
Stochastic Analysis
verfasst von
Selim S. Hacιsalihzade
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64492-9_5

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