Skip to main content
Erschienen in:
Buchtitelbild

2011 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Fly Ash

verfasst von : Rafat Siddique, Mohammad Iqbal Khan

Erschienen in: Supplementary Cementing Materials

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

 The fly ash, also known as pulverised fuel ash, is produced from burning pulverized coal in electric power generating plants. During combustion, mineral impurities in the coal (clay, feldspar, quartz, and shale) fuse in suspension and float out of the combustion chamber along with exhaust gases. As the fused material rises, it cools and solidifies into spherical glassy particles called fly ash. It is a fine-grained, powdery particulate material that is collected from the exhaust gases by electrostatic precipitators or bag filters. Depending upon the collection system, varying from mechanical to electrical precipitators or bag houses and fabric filters, approximately 85–99% of the ash from the flue gases in retrieved in the form of fly ash. Fly ash accounts for 75–85% of the total coal ash, and the remainder is collected as bottom ash or boiler slag.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat ACI committee 211.1.81 (1984) Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavy Weight and Mass Concrete. ACI Manual of Concrete Practice ACI committee 211.1.81 (1984) Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavy Weight and Mass Concrete. ACI Manual of Concrete Practice
2.
Zurück zum Zitat ACI committee 226 3R-87: Fly ash in concrete. ACI Mater. J. 11, 381–409 (1987) ACI committee 226 3R-87: Fly ash in concrete. ACI Mater. J. 11, 381–409 (1987)
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Alonso, J.L., Wesche, K.: Characterization of Fly Ash. Fly Ash in Concrete, Properties and Performance, pp. 3–23, RILEM Report, E & FN Spon, New York (1992) Alonso, J.L., Wesche, K.: Characterization of Fly Ash. Fly Ash in Concrete, Properties and Performance, pp. 3–23, RILEM Report, E & FN Spon, New York (1992)
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Andrade, C.: Effect of fly ash in concrete on the corrosion of steel reinforcement. ACI SP 91, pp. 609–620 (1986) Andrade, C.: Effect of fly ash in concrete on the corrosion of steel reinforcement. ACI SP 91, pp. 609–620 (1986)
5.
Zurück zum Zitat ASTM C 618: Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Philadelphia (1993) ASTM C 618: Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Philadelphia (1993)
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Atis, C.D.: Heat evolution of high-volume fly ash concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 32(5), 751–756 (2002)CrossRef Atis, C.D.: Heat evolution of high-volume fly ash concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 32(5), 751–756 (2002)CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Atis, C.D.: Accelerated carbonation and testing of concrete made with fly ash. Construct. Build. Mater. 17(3), 147–152 (2003)CrossRef Atis, C.D.: Accelerated carbonation and testing of concrete made with fly ash. Construct. Build. Mater. 17(3), 147–152 (2003)CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Atis, C.D., Kilic, A., Korkut, U.: Strength and shrinkage properties of mortar containing a nonstandard high-calcium fly ash. Cem. Concr. Res. 34(1), 99–102 (2004)CrossRef Atis, C.D., Kilic, A., Korkut, U.: Strength and shrinkage properties of mortar containing a nonstandard high-calcium fly ash. Cem. Concr. Res. 34(1), 99–102 (2004)CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Atis, C.D.: Strength properties of high-volume fly ash roller compacted and workable concrete, and influence of curing condition. Cem. Concr. Res. 35(6), 1112–1121 (2005)CrossRef Atis, C.D.: Strength properties of high-volume fly ash roller compacted and workable concrete, and influence of curing condition. Cem. Concr. Res. 35(6), 1112–1121 (2005)CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Attiogbe, E.K., Rizkalla, S.H.: Response of concrete to sulfuric acid attack. ACI Mater. J. 84(6), 481–488 (1988) Attiogbe, E.K., Rizkalla, S.H.: Response of concrete to sulfuric acid attack. ACI Mater. J. 84(6), 481–488 (1988)
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Aydin, S., Yazici, H., Yiğiter, H., Baradan, B.: Sulfuric acid resistance of high-volume fly ash concrete. Build. Environ. 42(2), 717–721 (2007)CrossRef Aydin, S., Yazici, H., Yiğiter, H., Baradan, B.: Sulfuric acid resistance of high-volume fly ash concrete. Build. Environ. 42(2), 717–721 (2007)CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Bamforth, P.B.: In situ measurement of the effect of partial cement replacement using either fly ash or ground granulated blast furnace slag on the performance of mass concrete. Proc. Instit. Civil Eng. 69, 777–800 (1980) Bamforth, P.B.: In situ measurement of the effect of partial cement replacement using either fly ash or ground granulated blast furnace slag on the performance of mass concrete. Proc. Instit. Civil Eng. 69, 777–800 (1980)
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Bamforth, P.B.: The water permeability of concrete and its relationship with strength. Mag. Concr. Res. 43(137), 233–241 (1991)CrossRef Bamforth, P.B.: The water permeability of concrete and its relationship with strength. Mag. Concr. Res. 43(137), 233–241 (1991)CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Bilodeau, A., Malhotra, V.M.: Concrete incorporating high volumes of ASTM Class F fly ashes: mechanical properties and resistance to deicing salt scaling and to chloride-ion penetration. ACI Special Publication SP, 132, pp. 319–349 (1992) Bilodeau, A., Malhotra, V.M.: Concrete incorporating high volumes of ASTM Class F fly ashes: mechanical properties and resistance to deicing salt scaling and to chloride-ion penetration. ACI Special Publication SP, 132, pp. 319–349 (1992)
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown, J.H.: The strength and workability of concrete with PFA substitution. In: Proceedings International Symposium on the Use of PFA in Concrete, pp. 151–161, University of Leeds, England (1982) Brown, J.H.: The strength and workability of concrete with PFA substitution. In: Proceedings International Symposium on the Use of PFA in Concrete, pp. 151–161, University of Leeds, England (1982)
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Burns, J.S., Guarnaschelli, C., McAskill, J.: No controlling the effect of carbon in fly ash on air entrainment. In: Proceedings, Sixth International Symposium on Fly Ash Utilization, pp. 294–313, Reno, Nevada, DOE/METC (1982) Burns, J.S., Guarnaschelli, C., McAskill, J.: No controlling the effect of carbon in fly ash on air entrainment. In: Proceedings, Sixth International Symposium on Fly Ash Utilization, pp. 294–313, Reno, Nevada, DOE/METC (1982)
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Buttler, F.G., Dector, M.H., Smith, G.R.: Studies on the desiccation and carbonation of systems containing Portland cement and fly ash. ACI SP 79(1), 367–383 (1983) Buttler, F.G., Dector, M.H., Smith, G.R.: Studies on the desiccation and carbonation of systems containing Portland cement and fly ash. ACI SP 79(1), 367–383 (1983)
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Cabrera, J.G., Lynsdale, C.J.: A new gas permeameter for measuring the permeability of mortar and concrete. Mag. Concr. Res. 40(144), 177–182 (1988)CrossRef Cabrera, J.G., Lynsdale, C.J.: A new gas permeameter for measuring the permeability of mortar and concrete. Mag. Concr. Res. 40(144), 177–182 (1988)CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Carette, G.G., Malhotra, V.M.: Characterization of Canadian fly Ashes and their Performance in Concrete. Division report MRP/MSL 84-137, CANMET, Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada (1984) Carette, G.G., Malhotra, V.M.: Characterization of Canadian fly Ashes and their Performance in Concrete. Division report MRP/MSL 84-137, CANMET, Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada (1984)
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Carette, G.G., Malhotra, V.M.: Characterization of Canadian fly ashes and their relative performance in concrete. Can. J. Civil Eng. 14(5), 667–682 (1987)CrossRef Carette, G.G., Malhotra, V.M.: Characterization of Canadian fly ashes and their relative performance in concrete. Can. J. Civil Eng. 14(5), 667–682 (1987)CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Chalee, W., Teekavanit, M., Kiattikomol, K., Siripanichgorn, A., Jaturapitakkul, C.: Effect of W/C ratio on covering depth of fly ash concrete in marine environment. Construct. Build. Mater. 21(5), 965–971 (2007)CrossRef Chalee, W., Teekavanit, M., Kiattikomol, K., Siripanichgorn, A., Jaturapitakkul, C.: Effect of W/C ratio on covering depth of fly ash concrete in marine environment. Construct. Build. Mater. 21(5), 965–971 (2007)CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Chindaprasirt, P., Chotithanorm, C., Cao, H.T., Sirivivatnanon, V.: Influence of fly ash fineness on the chloride penetration of concrete. Construct. Build. Mater. 21(2), 356–361 (2007)CrossRef Chindaprasirt, P., Chotithanorm, C., Cao, H.T., Sirivivatnanon, V.: Influence of fly ash fineness on the chloride penetration of concrete. Construct. Build. Mater. 21(2), 356–361 (2007)CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) (1967) PFA data book. London Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) (1967) PFA data book. London
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Compton, F.R., Macinnis, C.: Field trial of fly ash concretes. Ontario Hydro Research News, pp. 18–21 (1952) Compton, F.R., Macinnis, C.: Field trial of fly ash concretes. Ontario Hydro Research News, pp. 18–21 (1952)
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook, J.E.: Research and application of high strength concrete using class C fly ash. Concr. Int. 4, 72–80 (1982) Cook, J.E.: Research and application of high strength concrete using class C fly ash. Concr. Int. 4, 72–80 (1982)
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Crow, R.D., Dunstan, E.R.: Properties of fly ash concrete. In: Diamond, S. (ed.) Proceedings of Symposium on Fly Ash Incorporation in Hydrated Cement Systems, pp. 214–225. Materials Research Society, Boston (1981) Crow, R.D., Dunstan, E.R.: Properties of fly ash concrete. In: Diamond, S. (ed.) Proceedings of Symposium on Fly Ash Incorporation in Hydrated Cement Systems, pp. 214–225. Materials Research Society, Boston (1981)
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Demirboğa, R.: Thermal conductivity and compressive strength of concrete incorporation with mineral admixtures. Build. Environ. 42(7), 2467–2471 (2007)CrossRef Demirboğa, R.: Thermal conductivity and compressive strength of concrete incorporation with mineral admixtures. Build. Environ. 42(7), 2467–2471 (2007)CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Demirboğa, R., Türkmen, I., Karakoc, M.B.: Thermo-mechanical properties of concrete containing high-volume mineral admixtures. Build. Environ. 42(1), 349–354 (2007)CrossRef Demirboğa, R., Türkmen, I., Karakoc, M.B.: Thermo-mechanical properties of concrete containing high-volume mineral admixtures. Build. Environ. 42(1), 349–354 (2007)CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Diamond, S.: Effects of two Danish fly ashes on alkali—contents of cement—fly ash pastes. Cement. Concr. Res. 11(3), 383–394 (1981)CrossRef Diamond, S.: Effects of two Danish fly ashes on alkali—contents of cement—fly ash pastes. Cement. Concr. Res. 11(3), 383–394 (1981)CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Diamond, S.: Selection and use of fly ash for high way concrete. Joint Highway Research Project, Purdue University, Indiana (1985) Diamond, S.: Selection and use of fly ash for high way concrete. Joint Highway Research Project, Purdue University, Indiana (1985)
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Dhir, R.K., Hewlett, P.C., Chan, Y.N.: Near-surface characteristics of concrete: abrasion resistance. Mater. Struct. 24(2), 122–128 (1991)CrossRef Dhir, R.K., Hewlett, P.C., Chan, Y.N.: Near-surface characteristics of concrete: abrasion resistance. Mater. Struct. 24(2), 122–128 (1991)CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunstan, E.R.: Performance of lignite and sub-bituminous fly ash in concrete. A progress report REC-ERC-76-1, USBR (1976) Dunstan, E.R.: Performance of lignite and sub-bituminous fly ash in concrete. A progress report REC-ERC-76-1, USBR (1976)
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunstan, E.R.: A possible method for identifying fly ashes that—will improve sulfate resistance of concretes. ASTM Cem. Concr. Aggreg. 2, 20–30 (1980) Dunstan, E.R.: A possible method for identifying fly ashes that—will improve sulfate resistance of concretes. ASTM Cem. Concr. Aggreg. 2, 20–30 (1980)
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunstan, E.R.: The effect of fly ash on concrete alkali–aggregate reaction. ASTM Cem. Concr. Aggreg. 3, 101–104 (1981) Dunstan, E.R.: The effect of fly ash on concrete alkali–aggregate reaction. ASTM Cem. Concr. Aggreg. 3, 101–104 (1981)
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Electric Power Research Institute.: Classification of fly ash for use in cement and concrete. CS-5116, Project 2422-10. Palo Alto, California 94304, USA (1987) Electric Power Research Institute.: Classification of fly ash for use in cement and concrete. CS-5116, Project 2422-10. Palo Alto, California 94304, USA (1987)
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Ellis, WE Jr, Rigs, E.H., Butler, W.B.: Comparative results of utilization of fly ash, silica fume and GGBS in reducing the chloride permeability of concrete. In: Proceedings of the 2nd CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, Montreal, Canada. ACI SP 126(1), 443–457 (1991) Ellis, WE Jr, Rigs, E.H., Butler, W.B.: Comparative results of utilization of fly ash, silica fume and GGBS in reducing the chloride permeability of concrete. In: Proceedings of the 2nd CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, Montreal, Canada. ACI SP 126(1), 443–457 (1991)
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Erdoğdu, K., Türker, P.: Effects of fly ash particle size on strength of Portland cement fly ash mortars. Cement. Concr. Res. 28(9), 1217–1222 (1998)CrossRef Erdoğdu, K., Türker, P.: Effects of fly ash particle size on strength of Portland cement fly ash mortars. Cement. Concr. Res. 28(9), 1217–1222 (1998)CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Fay, K.F.V., Pierce, J.S.: Sulfate resistance of concretes with various fly ashes. ASTM standardisation news, pp. 32–37 (1989) Fay, K.F.V., Pierce, J.S.: Sulfate resistance of concretes with various fly ashes. ASTM standardisation news, pp. 32–37 (1989)
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Gebauer, J.: Source observations on the carbonation of fly ash concrete. Silic. Ind. 6, 155–159 (1982) Gebauer, J.: Source observations on the carbonation of fly ash concrete. Silic. Ind. 6, 155–159 (1982)
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Gebler, S.H., Klieger, P.: Effect of fly ash on the air void stability of concrete. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Other Mineral by Products in Concrete. ACI SP-79, pp. 103–142 (1983) Gebler, S.H., Klieger, P.: Effect of fly ash on the air void stability of concrete. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Other Mineral by Products in Concrete. ACI SP-79, pp. 103–142 (1983)
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghosh, R.S., Timusk, J.: Creep of fly ash Concrete. ACI J. 78(5), 351–387 (1981) Ghosh, R.S., Timusk, J.: Creep of fly ash Concrete. ACI J. 78(5), 351–387 (1981)
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Gifford, P.M., Langan, B.W., Day, R.L., Joshi, R.C., Ward, M.A.: A study of fly ash concrete in curb and gutter construction under various laboratory and field curing regimes. Can. J. Civil Eng. 14(5), 614–620 (1987)CrossRef Gifford, P.M., Langan, B.W., Day, R.L., Joshi, R.C., Ward, M.A.: A study of fly ash concrete in curb and gutter construction under various laboratory and field curing regimes. Can. J. Civil Eng. 14(5), 614–620 (1987)CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Gopalan, M.K.: Sorptivity of fly ash concretes. Cem. Concr. Res. 26(8), 1189–1197 (1996)CrossRef Gopalan, M.K.: Sorptivity of fly ash concretes. Cem. Concr. Res. 26(8), 1189–1197 (1996)CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Haque, M.N., Langan, B.W., Ward, M.A.: High fly ash concretes. ACI Mater. 8(1), 54–60 (1988) Haque, M.N., Langan, B.W., Ward, M.A.: High fly ash concretes. ACI Mater. 8(1), 54–60 (1988)
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Helmuth, A.R.: Fly ash in cement and concrete. Special Publication 040, p. 203. Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL (1987) Helmuth, A.R.: Fly ash in cement and concrete. Special Publication 040, p. 203. Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL (1987)
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Ho, D.W.S., Lewis, R.K.: Carbonation of concrete incorporating fly ash or a chemical admixture. ACI SP 79, 333–346 (1983) Ho, D.W.S., Lewis, R.K.: Carbonation of concrete incorporating fly ash or a chemical admixture. ACI SP 79, 333–346 (1983)
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Hobbs, D.W.: The alkali–silica reaction: a model for predicting expansion in mortar. Mag. Concr. Res 33(117), 208–220 (1981)CrossRef Hobbs, D.W.: The alkali–silica reaction: a model for predicting expansion in mortar. Mag. Concr. Res 33(117), 208–220 (1981)CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Hui-sheng, S., Bi-wan, X., Xiao-chen, Z.: Influence of mineral admixtures on compressive strength, gas permeability and carbonation of high performance concrete. Construct. Build. Mater. 23(5), 1980–1985 (2009)CrossRef Hui-sheng, S., Bi-wan, X., Xiao-chen, Z.: Influence of mineral admixtures on compressive strength, gas permeability and carbonation of high performance concrete. Construct. Build. Mater. 23(5), 1980–1985 (2009)CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Idorn, G.M.: Concrete durability and resource economy. Concr. Int. 13(7), 18–23 (1991) Idorn, G.M.: Concrete durability and resource economy. Concr. Int. 13(7), 18–23 (1991)
50.
Zurück zum Zitat IS: 1237: Method for testing abrasion resistance of concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi, India (1980) IS: 1237: Method for testing abrasion resistance of concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi, India (1980)
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Jawed, I., Skalny, J.: Hydration of tricalcium silicate in the presence of fly ash. Effects of fly ash incorporation in cement and concrete. In: Diamond, S. (ed.) Proceedings Symposium, pp. 60–70. Materials Research Society, (1981) Jawed, I., Skalny, J.: Hydration of tricalcium silicate in the presence of fly ash. Effects of fly ash incorporation in cement and concrete. In: Diamond, S. (ed.) Proceedings Symposium, pp. 60–70. Materials Research Society, (1981)
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiang, L., Liu, Z., Ye, Y.: Durability of concrete incorporating large volumes of low-quality fly ash. Cem. Concr. Res. 34(8), 1467–1469 (2004)CrossRef Jiang, L., Liu, Z., Ye, Y.: Durability of concrete incorporating large volumes of low-quality fly ash. Cem. Concr. Res. 34(8), 1467–1469 (2004)CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Joshi, R.C.: Experimental production of synthetic fly ash from kaolinite. MS Thesis, Iowa State University (1970) Joshi, R.C.: Experimental production of synthetic fly ash from kaolinite. MS Thesis, Iowa State University (1970)
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Joshi, R.C.: Sources of pozzolanic activity in fly ashes—a critical review. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Fly Ash Utilization Symposium, pp. 610–623, Atlanta, GA, USA (1979) Joshi, R.C.: Sources of pozzolanic activity in fly ashes—a critical review. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Fly Ash Utilization Symposium, pp. 610–623, Atlanta, GA, USA (1979)
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Joshi, R.C.: Effect of a sub-bituminous fly ash and its properties on sulfate resistance of sand cement mortars. J. Durab. Build. Mater. 4, 271–286 (1987) Joshi, R.C.: Effect of a sub-bituminous fly ash and its properties on sulfate resistance of sand cement mortars. J. Durab. Build. Mater. 4, 271–286 (1987)
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Joshi, R.C., Lam, D.T.: Sources of self-hardening properties of fly ashes. Materials research proceedings, vol 86, pp. 183–184. MRS. Pittsburgh (1987) Joshi, R.C., Lam, D.T.: Sources of self-hardening properties of fly ashes. Materials research proceedings, vol 86, pp. 183–184. MRS. Pittsburgh (1987)
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Joshi, R.C., Lohtia, R.P.: Effects of premature freezing temperatures on compressive strength, elasticity and microstructure of high volume fly ash concrete. Third Canadian Symposium on Cement and Concrete, Ottawa, Canada (1993) Joshi, R.C., Lohtia, R.P.: Effects of premature freezing temperatures on compressive strength, elasticity and microstructure of high volume fly ash concrete. Third Canadian Symposium on Cement and Concrete, Ottawa, Canada (1993)
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Joshi, R.C., Lohtia, R.P, Salam, M.A.: High strength concrete with high volumes of Canadian sub-bituminous coal ash. Third International Symposium on Utilization of High Strength Concrete, Lillachammer, Norway (1993) Joshi, R.C., Lohtia, R.P, Salam, M.A.: High strength concrete with high volumes of Canadian sub-bituminous coal ash. Third International Symposium on Utilization of High Strength Concrete, Lillachammer, Norway (1993)
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Joshi, R.C., Lohtia, R.P., Salam, M.A.: Some durability related properties of concretes incorporating high volumes of sub-bituminous coal fly ash. In: Proceedings, 3rd CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, Nice, France, pp. 447–464 (1994) Joshi, R.C., Lohtia, R.P., Salam, M.A.: Some durability related properties of concretes incorporating high volumes of sub-bituminous coal fly ash. In: Proceedings, 3rd CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, Nice, France, pp. 447–464 (1994)
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Kasai, Y., Matsui, I., Fukushima, U., Kamohara, H.: Air permeability of blended cement mortars. In: Proceedings of the 1st t International Conference on the use of Fly ash, Silica-fume, Slag and other mineral by-products in concrete. ACI SP 29, 435–451 (1983) Kasai, Y., Matsui, I., Fukushima, U., Kamohara, H.: Air permeability of blended cement mortars. In: Proceedings of the 1st t International Conference on the use of Fly ash, Silica-fume, Slag and other mineral by-products in concrete. ACI SP 29, 435–451 (1983)
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Khan, M.I.: Rheological characteristics of HPC containing composite cementitious materials. Concr. Technol. J. Concr. Plant Int. No. 02/10, Germany, pp. 78–84 (2010) Khan, M.I.: Rheological characteristics of HPC containing composite cementitious materials. Concr. Technol. J. Concr. Plant Int. No. 02/10, Germany, pp. 78–84 (2010)
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Khan, M.I.: Permeation of high performance concrete. J. Mater. Civil Eng. 15(1), 84–92 (2002)CrossRef Khan, M.I.: Permeation of high performance concrete. J. Mater. Civil Eng. 15(1), 84–92 (2002)CrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Klieger, P., Perenchio, W.F.: Laboratory studies of blended cement: portland-pozzolan cements. Research and Development Bulletin RD013, Portland cement Association, USA (1972) Klieger, P., Perenchio, W.F.: Laboratory studies of blended cement: portland-pozzolan cements. Research and Development Bulletin RD013, Portland cement Association, USA (1972)
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Kokubu, M., Nagataki, S.: Carbonation of concrete with fly ash and corrosion of reinforcement in 20-years tests. ACI Special publications CS- 114, 315–329 (1989) Kokubu, M., Nagataki, S.: Carbonation of concrete with fly ash and corrosion of reinforcement in 20-years tests. ACI Special publications CS- 114, 315–329 (1989)
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Korac, V., Ukraincik, V.: Studies into the use of fly ash in concrete for water dam structures. ACI Special Publication SP- 79, 173–185 (1983) Korac, V., Ukraincik, V.: Studies into the use of fly ash in concrete for water dam structures. ACI Special Publication SP- 79, 173–185 (1983)
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Lane, R.O., Best, J.F.: Properties and use of fly ash in Portland cement concrete. Concr. Int. 4(7), 81–92 (1982) Lane, R.O., Best, J.F.: Properties and use of fly ash in Portland cement concrete. Concr. Int. 4(7), 81–92 (1982)
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Langan, B.V., Joshi, R.C., Ward, M.A.: Strength and durability of concrete containing 50 percent Portland cement replacement by fly ash and other materials. Can. J. Civil Eng. 17(1), 19–27 (1990)CrossRef Langan, B.V., Joshi, R.C., Ward, M.A.: Strength and durability of concrete containing 50 percent Portland cement replacement by fly ash and other materials. Can. J. Civil Eng. 17(1), 19–27 (1990)CrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Langley, W.S., Carette, G.G., Malhotra, V.M.: Structural concrete incorporating high volumes of ASTM class F fly ash. ACI Mater. J. 86(5), 507–514 (1989) Langley, W.S., Carette, G.G., Malhotra, V.M.: Structural concrete incorporating high volumes of ASTM class F fly ash. ACI Mater. J. 86(5), 507–514 (1989)
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Larsen, T.D.: Use of fly ash in structural concrete in Florida, Presented at fly ash in high way construction seminar, Altanta, GA (1985) Larsen, T.D.: Use of fly ash in structural concrete in Florida, Presented at fly ash in high way construction seminar, Altanta, GA (1985)
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu, T.C.: Abrasion resistance of concrete. ACI J. Proc. 78(5), 341–350 (1981) Liu, T.C.: Abrasion resistance of concrete. ACI J. Proc. 78(5), 341–350 (1981)
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Lohtia, R.P., Nautiyal, B.D., Jain, O.P.: Creep of fly ash concrete. ACI J. 73(8), 469–472 (1976) Lohtia, R.P., Nautiyal, B.D., Jain, O.P.: Creep of fly ash concrete. ACI J. 73(8), 469–472 (1976)
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Lohtia, R.P., Nautiyal, B.D., Jain, K.K., Jain, O.P.: Compressive strength of plain and fly ash concrete by non-destructive testing methods. J. Instit. Eng. (India) 58a-1:40–45 (1977) Lohtia, R.P., Nautiyal, B.D., Jain, K.K., Jain, O.P.: Compressive strength of plain and fly ash concrete by non-destructive testing methods. J. Instit. Eng. (India) 58a-1:40–45 (1977)
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Majko, R.M., Pistilli, M.F.: Optimizing the amount of Class C fly ash in concrete mixtures. Cem. Concr. Aggreg. CCAGDP 6(2), 105–119 (1984) Majko, R.M., Pistilli, M.F.: Optimizing the amount of Class C fly ash in concrete mixtures. Cem. Concr. Aggreg. CCAGDP 6(2), 105–119 (1984)
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Malhotra, V.M., Carette, G.G., Bremmer, T.W.: Durability of concrete containing granulated blast furnace slag or fly ash or both in Marine environment, report 80-18E, CANMET, EMR, Canada (1982) Malhotra, V.M., Carette, G.G., Bremmer, T.W.: Durability of concrete containing granulated blast furnace slag or fly ash or both in Marine environment, report 80-18E, CANMET, EMR, Canada (1982)
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Malhotra, V.M., Caratte, G.G., Bilodeau, A., Sivasundram, V.: Some aspects of durability of high volume ASTM class F (Low-calcium) fly ash concrete. Mineral Sciences Laboratories, Division report MSL-90-20 (OP & J) (1990) Malhotra, V.M., Caratte, G.G., Bilodeau, A., Sivasundram, V.: Some aspects of durability of high volume ASTM class F (Low-calcium) fly ash concrete. Mineral Sciences Laboratories, Division report MSL-90-20 (OP & J) (1990)
76.
Zurück zum Zitat McCarthy, G.J., Johansen, D.M., Steinwand, S.J.: X-ray diffraction analysis of fly ash. In: Barrett, C.S., et al. (eds.) Advances in X-Ray Analysis, vol 31. Plenum Press, New York (1988) McCarthy, G.J., Johansen, D.M., Steinwand, S.J.: X-ray diffraction analysis of fly ash. In: Barrett, C.S., et al. (eds.) Advances in X-Ray Analysis, vol 31. Plenum Press, New York (1988)
77.
Zurück zum Zitat McCarthy, M.J., Dhir, R.K.: Development of high volume fly ash cements for use in concrete construction. Fuel 84(11), 1423–1432 (2005)CrossRef McCarthy, M.J., Dhir, R.K.: Development of high volume fly ash cements for use in concrete construction. Fuel 84(11), 1423–1432 (2005)CrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Mehta, P.K.: Pozzolanic and cementitious by-products as mineral admixtures for concrete—a critical review. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the use of Fly Ash, Slag and Silica fume in Concrete, pp. 1–46, Montebello, Canada, ACI SP-79 (1983) Mehta, P.K.: Pozzolanic and cementitious by-products as mineral admixtures for concrete—a critical review. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the use of Fly Ash, Slag and Silica fume in Concrete, pp. 1–46, Montebello, Canada, ACI SP-79 (1983)
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Mehta, P.K.: Concrete: structure, properties and materials. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1986) Mehta, P.K.: Concrete: structure, properties and materials. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1986)
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Mehta, P.K.: Standard specifications for mineral admixtures—an overview. ACI SP 91, 637–658 (1988) Mehta, P.K.: Standard specifications for mineral admixtures—an overview. ACI SP 91, 637–658 (1988)
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Mehta, P.K.: Sulfate Attack on concrete—a critical review. In: J. Skalny (ed.) Materials science of concrete-III. American Ceramic Society, pp 105–130 (1993) Mehta, P.K.: Sulfate Attack on concrete—a critical review. In: J. Skalny (ed.) Materials science of concrete-III. American Ceramic Society, pp 105–130 (1993)
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Mehta, P.K.: In: Khayat, I.H., Aitcin, P.C. (eds.) Symposium on durability of concrete, pp. 99–118. Nice, France, (1994) Mehta, P.K.: In: Khayat, I.H., Aitcin, P.C. (eds.) Symposium on durability of concrete, pp. 99–118. Nice, France, (1994)
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Munday, J.G.L., Ong, L.T., Wong, L.G., Dhir, R.K.: Load independent movements in OPC/PFA concrete. In: Cabreva, J.A., Cusens R.R. (eds.) Proceedings, International Symposium on the use of PFA in concrete, pp. 243–246, University of Leeds, England (1982) Munday, J.G.L., Ong, L.T., Wong, L.G., Dhir, R.K.: Load independent movements in OPC/PFA concrete. In: Cabreva, J.A., Cusens R.R. (eds.) Proceedings, International Symposium on the use of PFA in concrete, pp. 243–246, University of Leeds, England (1982)
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagataki, S., Ohga, H., Kim, E.K.: Effect of curing conditions on the carbonation of concrete with fly ash and the corrosion of reinforcement in long term basic. ACI SP 91, 521–540 (1986) Nagataki, S., Ohga, H., Kim, E.K.: Effect of curing conditions on the carbonation of concrete with fly ash and the corrosion of reinforcement in long term basic. ACI SP 91, 521–540 (1986)
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagataki, S., Ohga, H.: Combined effect of carbonation and chloride on corrosion of reinforcement in fly ash concrete. In: Proceedings 4th International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, vol. 32, pp. 227–244. Istanbul, Turkey, ACI SP1 (1992) Nagataki, S., Ohga, H.: Combined effect of carbonation and chloride on corrosion of reinforcement in fly ash concrete. In: Proceedings 4th International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, vol. 32, pp. 227–244. Istanbul, Turkey, ACI SP1 (1992)
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., Hossain, M.M.: Permeability of concrete containing large amounts of fly ash. Cem. Concr. Res. 24(5), 913–922 (1994)CrossRef Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., Hossain, M.M.: Permeability of concrete containing large amounts of fly ash. Cem. Concr. Res. 24(5), 913–922 (1994)CrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., Hossain, M.M.: Abrasion resistance of high-strength concrete made with class C fly ash. ACI Mater. J. 92(6), 649–659 (1995) Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., Hossain, M.M.: Abrasion resistance of high-strength concrete made with class C fly ash. ACI Mater. J. 92(6), 649–659 (1995)
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., Ramme, B.W.: Mechanical properties and durability of concrete made with blended fly ash. ACI Mater. J. 95(4), 454–462 (1998) Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., Ramme, B.W.: Mechanical properties and durability of concrete made with blended fly ash. ACI Mater. J. 95(4), 454–462 (1998)
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Nanni, A.: Abrasion resistance of roller-compacted concrete. ACI Mater. J. 86(53), 559–565 (1989) Nanni, A.: Abrasion resistance of roller-compacted concrete. ACI Mater. J. 86(53), 559–565 (1989)
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Nasser, K.W., Marzouk, H.M.: Properties of concrete made with sulfate resisting cement and fly ash. In: Proceedings First International Conference on the use of Fly ash, Silica Fume, slag and other mineral by-products in concrete, pp. 383–395. ACI SP-79 (1983) Nasser, K.W., Marzouk, H.M.: Properties of concrete made with sulfate resisting cement and fly ash. In: Proceedings First International Conference on the use of Fly ash, Silica Fume, slag and other mineral by-products in concrete, pp. 383–395. ACI SP-79 (1983)
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Nasser, K.W., Al-Manasser, A.A.: Shrinkage and creep of concrete containing 50 percent lignite fly ash at different stress–strength ratios. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in concrete, ACI SP-91(1), pp 433–448 (1986) Nasser, K.W., Al-Manasser, A.A.: Shrinkage and creep of concrete containing 50 percent lignite fly ash at different stress–strength ratios. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in concrete, ACI SP-91(1), pp 433–448 (1986)
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Neville, A.M.: Properties of Concrete, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York (1973). 382 p Neville, A.M.: Properties of Concrete, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York (1973). 382 p
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Oberholster, R.E., Westra, W.B.: The effectiveness of mineral admixtures in reducing expansion due to alkali–aggregate reaction with malmesbury group aggregate. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Alkali–Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Cape Town, South Africa (1981) Oberholster, R.E., Westra, W.B.: The effectiveness of mineral admixtures in reducing expansion due to alkali–aggregate reaction with malmesbury group aggregate. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Alkali–Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Cape Town, South Africa (1981)
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Ogawa, K., Uchikawa, H., Takemoto, K., Yasui, I.: The mechanism of the hydration in the system CS-pozzolana. Cem. Concr. Res. 10(5), 683–696 (1980)CrossRef Ogawa, K., Uchikawa, H., Takemoto, K., Yasui, I.: The mechanism of the hydration in the system CS-pozzolana. Cem. Concr. Res. 10(5), 683–696 (1980)CrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Ozer, B., Ozkul, M.H.: The influence of initial water curing on the strength development of ordinary Portland and pozzolanic cement concretes. Cem. Concr. Res. 34(1), 13–18 (2004)CrossRef Ozer, B., Ozkul, M.H.: The influence of initial water curing on the strength development of ordinary Portland and pozzolanic cement concretes. Cem. Concr. Res. 34(1), 13–18 (2004)CrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Owens, P.L.: Fly ash and its usage in concrete. Concr. Soc. J. 13(7), 21–26 (1979) Owens, P.L.: Fly ash and its usage in concrete. Concr. Soc. J. 13(7), 21–26 (1979)
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Pepper, L., Mather, B.: Effectiveness of mineral admixtures in preventing excessive expansion of concrete due to alkali–aggregate reaction. Proc. ASTM 59, 1178–1202 (1959) Pepper, L., Mather, B.: Effectiveness of mineral admixtures in preventing excessive expansion of concrete due to alkali–aggregate reaction. Proc. ASTM 59, 1178–1202 (1959)
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Perencho, W.F., Klieger, P.: Further laboratory studies of Portland-pozzolan cements. Portland Cement Research and Development Bulletin RD041.01T (1976) Perencho, W.F., Klieger, P.: Further laboratory studies of Portland-pozzolan cements. Portland Cement Research and Development Bulletin RD041.01T (1976)
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Perry, C., Day, R.L., Joshi, R.C., Langan, B.W., Gillot, J.E.: The effectiveness of twelve Canadian fly ashes in suppressing expansion due to alkali–silica reaction. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Alkali–Aggregate Reaction, Ottawa, pp. 93–97 (1987) Perry, C., Day, R.L., Joshi, R.C., Langan, B.W., Gillot, J.E.: The effectiveness of twelve Canadian fly ashes in suppressing expansion due to alkali–silica reaction. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Alkali–Aggregate Reaction, Ottawa, pp. 93–97 (1987)
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Prunsinski, J.R., Carrasquillo, R.L.: Factors affecting the sulfate resistance of concrete made with class C fly ash. In: Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Use and management of Coal Combustion By-Products (CCBs), American Coal Ash Association, Alexandria, Virginia, pp. 29-1-29-14 (1995) Prunsinski, J.R., Carrasquillo, R.L.: Factors affecting the sulfate resistance of concrete made with class C fly ash. In: Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Use and management of Coal Combustion By-Products (CCBs), American Coal Ash Association, Alexandria, Virginia, pp. 29-1-29-14 (1995)
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Raba, F. Jr., Smith, S.L., Mearing, M.: Sub bituminous fly ash utilization in concrete. In: Diamond, D. (ed.) Proceedings Symposium on Fly Ash Incorporation on Hyderated Cement Systems, pp. 296–306. Materials Research Society, Boston (1981) Raba, F. Jr., Smith, S.L., Mearing, M.: Sub bituminous fly ash utilization in concrete. In: Diamond, D. (ed.) Proceedings Symposium on Fly Ash Incorporation on Hyderated Cement Systems, pp. 296–306. Materials Research Society, Boston (1981)
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramakrishan, V., Coyle, W.V., Brown, J., Tluskus, A., Benkataramanyam, P.: Performance characteristics of concrete containing fly ash. In: Diamond, S. (ed.) Proceedings Symposium on Fly Ash Incorporation in Hydrated Cement Systems, pp. 233–243. Materials Research Society, Boston (1981) Ramakrishan, V., Coyle, W.V., Brown, J., Tluskus, A., Benkataramanyam, P.: Performance characteristics of concrete containing fly ash. In: Diamond, S. (ed.) Proceedings Symposium on Fly Ash Incorporation in Hydrated Cement Systems, pp. 233–243. Materials Research Society, Boston (1981)
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Ravina, D.: Efficient utilization of coarse and fine fly ash in precast concrete by incorporating thermal curing. ACI J. 78(3), 194–200 (1981) Ravina, D.: Efficient utilization of coarse and fine fly ash in precast concrete by incorporating thermal curing. ACI J. 78(3), 194–200 (1981)
104.
Zurück zum Zitat RILEM CP113: Absorption of water by immersion under vacuum. Material Structures Research Testing 101, 393–394 (1984) RILEM CP113: Absorption of water by immersion under vacuum. Material Structures Research Testing 101, 393–394 (1984)
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodway, L.E., Fedriko, W.M.: Superplasticized high volume fly ash structural concrete. ACI SP 114(1), 98–112 (1989) Rodway, L.E., Fedriko, W.M.: Superplasticized high volume fly ash structural concrete. ACI SP 114(1), 98–112 (1989)
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Roy, D.M., Luke, K., Diamond, S.: Characterization of fly ash and its reactions in concrete. Proceedings of the Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1984) Roy, D.M., Luke, K., Diamond, S.: Characterization of fly ash and its reactions in concrete. Proceedings of the Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1984)
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Saraswathy, V., Muralidharan, S., Thangavel, K., Srinivasan, S.: Influence of activated fly ash on corrosion–resistance and strength of concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 25(7), 673–680 (2003)CrossRef Saraswathy, V., Muralidharan, S., Thangavel, K., Srinivasan, S.: Influence of activated fly ash on corrosion–resistance and strength of concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 25(7), 673–680 (2003)CrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Schiepl, P., Hardtle, R.: Relationship between durability and fore structure properties of concretes containing fly ash. In: Khayat, I.H., Aitcin, P.C. (eds.) P.K. Mehta Symposium on Durability of Concrete, pp. 99–118, Nice, France (1994) Schiepl, P., Hardtle, R.: Relationship between durability and fore structure properties of concretes containing fly ash. In: Khayat, I.H., Aitcin, P.C. (eds.) P.K. Mehta Symposium on Durability of Concrete, pp. 99–118, Nice, France (1994)
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt, M.: Cement with inter-ground additives—capabilities and environmental relief. Part 2. Zement-Kalk Gips (1992) Schmidt, M.: Cement with inter-ground additives—capabilities and environmental relief. Part 2. Zement-Kalk Gips (1992)
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Schubert, P.: Carbonation behaviors of mortars and concretes made with fly ash. ACI Special Publications SP- 100, 1945–1962 (1987) Schubert, P.: Carbonation behaviors of mortars and concretes made with fly ash. ACI Special Publications SP- 100, 1945–1962 (1987)
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Shafiq, N., Cabrera, J.G.: Effects of initial curing condition on the fluid transport properties in OPC and fly ash blended cement concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 26(4), 381–387 (2004)CrossRef Shafiq, N., Cabrera, J.G.: Effects of initial curing condition on the fluid transport properties in OPC and fly ash blended cement concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 26(4), 381–387 (2004)CrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Siddique, R.: Effect of fine aggregate replacement with class F fly ash on the mechanical properties of concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 33(4), 539–547 (2003)CrossRef Siddique, R.: Effect of fine aggregate replacement with class F fly ash on the mechanical properties of concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 33(4), 539–547 (2003)CrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Siddique, R.: Effect of fine aggregate replacement with class F fly ash on the abrasion resistance of concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 33(11), 877–1881 (2003)CrossRef Siddique, R.: Effect of fine aggregate replacement with class F fly ash on the abrasion resistance of concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 33(11), 877–1881 (2003)CrossRef
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Sivasundram, V., Carette, G.G., Malhotra, V.M.: Properties of concrete incorporating low quantity of cement and high volumes of low-calcium fly ash. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, ACI SP-114, pp. 45–71 (1989) Sivasundram, V., Carette, G.G., Malhotra, V.M.: Properties of concrete incorporating low quantity of cement and high volumes of low-calcium fly ash. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, ACI SP-114, pp. 45–71 (1989)
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Sivasundram, V., Carette, G.G., Malhotra, V.M.: Selected properties of high volume fly ash concretes. ACI Concrete International, pp. 47–50 (1990) Sivasundram, V., Carette, G.G., Malhotra, V.M.: Selected properties of high volume fly ash concretes. ACI Concrete International, pp. 47–50 (1990)
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanton, T.E.: Expansion of concrete through reaction between cement and aggregate. Trans. ASCE Part 2, 68–85 (1942) Stanton, T.E.: Expansion of concrete through reaction between cement and aggregate. Trans. ASCE Part 2, 68–85 (1942)
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Swamy, R.N., Mahmud, H.B.: Mix proportions and strength characteristics of concrete containing 50 percent low-calcium fly ash. In: Proceedings of the 2nd CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural pozzolans in Concrete, ACI SP-91, 1: 413–432 (1986) Swamy, R.N., Mahmud, H.B.: Mix proportions and strength characteristics of concrete containing 50 percent low-calcium fly ash. In: Proceedings of the 2nd CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural pozzolans in Concrete, ACI SP-91, 1: 413–432 (1986)
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Takemoto, K., Uchikawa, H.: Hydration of pozzolanic cement. 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Paris, I IV-2/1-2/29 (1980) Takemoto, K., Uchikawa, H.: Hydration of pozzolanic cement. 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Paris, I IV-2/1-2/29 (1980)
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Tattersall, G.H., Benfill, P.F.G.: The Rheology of Fresh Concrete. Pitman, London (1983) Tattersall, G.H., Benfill, P.F.G.: The Rheology of Fresh Concrete. Pitman, London (1983)
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor, H.W.F.: Cement Chemistry. Academic Press, New York (1990) Taylor, H.W.F.: Cement Chemistry. Academic Press, New York (1990)
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Termkhajornkit, P., Nawa, T., Kurumisawa, K.: Effect of water curing conditions on the hydration degree and compressive strengths of fly ash–cement paste. Cem. Concr. Compos. 28(9), 781–789 (2006)CrossRef Termkhajornkit, P., Nawa, T., Kurumisawa, K.: Effect of water curing conditions on the hydration degree and compressive strengths of fly ash–cement paste. Cem. Concr. Compos. 28(9), 781–789 (2006)CrossRef
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas, M.D.A., Matthews, J.D.: The permeability of fly ash concrete. Mater. Struct. 25(151), 388–396 (1992)CrossRef Thomas, M.D.A., Matthews, J.D.: The permeability of fly ash concrete. Mater. Struct. 25(151), 388–396 (1992)CrossRef
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Tikalsky, P.J., Carrasquillo, P.M., Carrasquillo, R.L.: Strength and durability considerations affecting mix proportions of concrete containing fly ash. ACI Mater. J. 85(6), 505–511 (1988) Tikalsky, P.J., Carrasquillo, P.M., Carrasquillo, R.L.: Strength and durability considerations affecting mix proportions of concrete containing fly ash. ACI Mater. J. 85(6), 505–511 (1988)
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Virtanen, J.: Freeze–thaw resistance of concrete containing blast furnace slag, fly ash or condensed silica fume. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the use of Fly ash, Silica Fume, Slag and other mineral by-products, ACI SP-79: 923–942 (1983) Virtanen, J.: Freeze–thaw resistance of concrete containing blast furnace slag, fly ash or condensed silica fume. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the use of Fly ash, Silica Fume, Slag and other mineral by-products, ACI SP-79: 923–942 (1983)
125.
Zurück zum Zitat William, J.T., Owens, P.L.: The implications of a selected grade of United Kingdom pulverized fuel ash on the engineering design and use in structural concrete. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Use of PFA in Concrete, pp. 301–313. University of Leeds, England (1982) William, J.T., Owens, P.L.: The implications of a selected grade of United Kingdom pulverized fuel ash on the engineering design and use in structural concrete. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Use of PFA in Concrete, pp. 301–313. University of Leeds, England (1982)
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Yazici, H., Aydin, S., Yiğiter, H., Baradan, B.: Effect of steam curing on class C high-volume fly ash concrete mixtures. Cem. Conc. Res. 35(6), 1122–1127 (2005)CrossRef Yazici, H., Aydin, S., Yiğiter, H., Baradan, B.: Effect of steam curing on class C high-volume fly ash concrete mixtures. Cem. Conc. Res. 35(6), 1122–1127 (2005)CrossRef
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Yazici, Ş.G., İnan, G.: An investigation on the wear resistance of high strength concretes. Wear 260(6), 615–618 (2006) Yazici, Ş.G., İnan, G.: An investigation on the wear resistance of high strength concretes. Wear 260(6), 615–618 (2006)
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Yen, T., Hsu, T.H., Liu, Y.W., Chen, S.h: Influence of class F fly ash on the abrasion–erosion resistance of high-strength concrete. Construct. Build. Mater. 21(2), 458–463 (2007)CrossRef Yen, T., Hsu, T.H., Liu, Y.W., Chen, S.h: Influence of class F fly ash on the abrasion–erosion resistance of high-strength concrete. Construct. Build. Mater. 21(2), 458–463 (2007)CrossRef
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Yuan, R.L., Cook. J.E.: Study of class C fly ash in concrete. In: Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on the use of Fly ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and other mineral by-products in concrete, ACI SP-79, pp. 307–319 (1983) Yuan, R.L., Cook. J.E.: Study of class C fly ash in concrete. In: Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on the use of Fly ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and other mineral by-products in concrete, ACI SP-79, pp. 307–319 (1983)
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Yuan, R.Z., Jin, S.X., Qian, J.C.: Effects of fly ash on rheology of fresh cement paste. Materials and Research Society Symposium Proceedings, pp. 182–191 (1982) Yuan, R.Z., Jin, S.X., Qian, J.C.: Effects of fly ash on rheology of fresh cement paste. Materials and Research Society Symposium Proceedings, pp. 182–191 (1982)
Metadaten
Titel
Fly Ash
verfasst von
Rafat Siddique
Mohammad Iqbal Khan
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17866-5_1

    Marktübersichten

    Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.