Formal Methods in Architecture

At the present time, scientific research and innovation are gradually becoming strategic factors for the competitiveness and the identity of the European Union. Because of these principles, the Horizon Europe Programme aims to strengthen the interaction between the European policies and science by fostering investment opportunities for new products and services to increase productivity and employment. Architecture research must adapt to this impact-driven Framework Programme, which provides many opportunities for interacting and exchanging ideas with other scientific areas. This contribution explores how architecture research can achieve the desired scientific, societal and economic-technological impacts.

This study analyzes the performance of urban spaces from the qualitative assessment of morphological attributes. It is intended to demonstrate that the performative quality is a factor that finds its opportunity in the attributes of the urban form and spatial configuration. The goal is to find whether some attributes play or not a determinant role in establishing the conditions of urbanity. The term urbanity here is used as the characteristics of the “urbis” that promote civility, human presence, and the natural appropriation of spaces for different types of open space activities. This definition of urbanity is assumed to describe a “positive” dynamic use of urban space, promoting social interaction, security, economic activities, and pleasant spaces for walking. The underlying hypothesis is that urbanity (or positive urban condition) can occur only when specific attributes meet within a specific urban area. These attributes are mainly of morphological and configurational nature, and therefore, they may inform us on how to design better public spaces and cities in general. Thus, we propose a methodology that studies socio-spatial relationships in confrontation with morphological characteristics, seeking to establish relationships between them. The methodology proposes to confront an automated morphological-type description with a set of performance metrics (or measures), calculated using indicators based on the concepts and principles of contemporary urbanism found in the recent scientific literature in this area of knowledge and consensually considered qualifying factors of urban space. The chosen indicators express the accessibility of the network, the compactness of the urban model, the participation of facades in activating the sociable urban space, and the safety of its use. We calculate these measures through a semi-automated modeling of all information and use a statistical approach to enable the classification of type-morphological characteristics as adequate or inadequate. The research is organized into four fundamental steps. The first identifies the set of performance measures or attributes capable of qualifying urban space and urbanity. The selection of attributes is based on a critical assessment of indicators employing a literature review. The second step identifies the range of variation of attributes that correspond to positive performance based on either reference cases or previous research found in the literature review, pointing towards specific systems of value that can be used for qualitative interpretation of measures that we shall call reference parameters or performance indicators. In the third step, we develop a morphological classification of urban samples based on their morphological attributes. In the last step, we search for correlations between morphological attributes and reference parameters to identify which ones are more prone to develop positive qualities in terms of a possible capacity of inducing urbanity. We analyzed two sets of urban fabric samples: one set taken from reference cases in Lisbon, Portugal, and a second set from Recife, Brazil. Morphological attributes and reference performance indicators are calculated for all samples and analyzed through a correlation matrix from which we can extract the correlation values between morphological attributes and performance indicators. The correlation analysis opens a new vision towards what morphological features may induce better urbanity. This paper focuses on the first two steps, i.e., the definition of the system of values that provides the interpretation of measurements. The following paper will complete the conclusions of the fourth step of this research.

The paper presents an experimental digital form-finding method demonstrated on a tensegrity pavilion design. The creation process is driven by biological inspiration, relating the architectural design to the natural organism’s adaptation to its surroundings. In the Grasshopper parametric environment, we interrelate weather data, expressed through one Forming Force, with the process of form-finding. Employing Python scripts, the topological, structural, and geometric relations of the emerging 3D geometry are transformed under the influence of the weather. In an iterating loop, the tensegrity-like units gradually duplicate (grow), creating the ‘Weather Pavilion’. Through receiving environmental information, a weather-responsive structure simultaneously emerges. The resulting architectural form integrates the influence of the meteorological data and converts it to the optimal reaction to the specific microclimate. On a case study pavilion in Košice, the weather-driven design method is demonstrated, which (1) aims at improving climate-collaborative, sustainable building design in the future, (2) blends the Grasshopper-integrated techniques: form-finding employing a new plug-in Anisoptera (which integrates the weather information to the design process), and structural analysis through Karamba 3D, with architectural design.

This study tackles one important but frequently ignored aspect of the housing crisis in the UK. We propose a computational method to encode the socio-cultural values and aspirations of residents in future housing developments. In this work, we address the question: how resident aspirations, values and living qualities of local communities can be encoded in algorithmic-driven design methods to ensure that the future UK housing design and developments will address resilient, net-zero and sustainable communities? To address this, we developed a model that generates housing urban configurations (massing) using a combination of factors that encode a combination of (i) residents’ social aspirations, (ii) housing regulations and policy-makers agendas and (iii) successful elements for resilient communities. We suggest a statistical linear method to inform the choice of inputs and suggest weights. The model combines these factors using a multi-objective optimisation strategy implemented through Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to find the best trade-offs among competing factors. We present our final model with some testing and explain how the model can be used by designers (and potentially by city councils and developers) to include social aspects of local communities in the planning of new schemes and evaluation of existing ones. The presented model can be used to consider multi- and diverse communities in data-driven approaches to ensure that future housing schemes strongly cater for resilient, net-zero and sustainable communities. This aligns with UN and UK targets for net-zero communities, housing and sustainable living.