1 Climate goals and application of substitution
2 Methodology
3 Substitution method and its application in waste bioenergy studies
Study | Biomass | Type of avoided emission due to substitution | Percentage of GWP result (%) | Reference energy system | Mentioned LCA approach |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Cappelli et al. 2015) | Macroalgae and agricultural mix feedstocka | Ammonia, hydrogen sulphite, nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide | 12 | Fossil combined heat and power (CHP) | Consequential |
(Zhang and Mabee 2016) | Low carbon fuelsb | Methane, carbon dioxide | 12–50 | Natural gas (NG) CHP | n.d. |
(Lansche and Müller 2012) | Animal manure | Methane | 50 | German electricity mix | n.d. |
(Bachmaier et al. 2010) | Animal waste | Methane | 5–10 | NG and coal electricity | n.d. |
(Meyer-Aurich et al. 2012) | Corn residues and manure | Nitrous oxide and methane | 25–30 | NG CHP | n.d. |
(Panepinto et al. 2013) | Animal manure and energy crops | Methane | 5–30 | NG or gas oil heating | n.d. |
(Giuntoli et al. 2016) | Residual biomass | Nitrous oxide | Not shown | EU-27 electricity mix | Attributional |
(Li et al. 2018) | Dairy manure | Methane | 5–10 | None | n.d. |
(Giuntoli et al. 2015) | Forest logging residues | Carbon dioxide | Not shown | NG heating | Attributional |
(Agostini et al. 2015) | Animal manure and energy crops | Methane | 50–65 | Italian electricity mix | Attributional |
(Restrepo et al. 2016) | Bamboo boards | Methane | 65 | None | n.d. |
(Ruiz et al. 2018) | Biowastec | Methane | 60 | None | n.d. |
(Negro et al. 2017) | Orange peel waste | Methane | 5–10 | Various energy carriers | Consequential |
(Lansche and Müller 2017) | Fresh dung | Methane | 30 | Dung (bio-) heating | Consequential |
(Bacenetti et al. 2013) | Animal manure | Methane | 5–40 | Italian electricity mix | n.d. |
(Boulamanti et al. 2013) | Animal manure | Ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane | 100 | EU-27 electricity mix | Attributional |
4 Impacts of substitution in waste treatment processes
Study | Methane production efficiency in AD (m3/kg volatile solids) | Methane LHV (MJ/m3) | Conversion efficiency (%) | Energy carrier production (kWh/kg volatile solids) | GWP (g CO2/functional unit) | Functional unit (source of functional unit) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Agostini et al. 2015) | 0.22 | 36 | 0.32 | 0.702 | − 2430 | kWh (electricity) |
(Bacenetti et al. 2013) | 0.45 | 23.8 | 0.357 | 1.060 | − 910 | kWh (electricity) |
(Bachmaier et al. 2010) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | − 910 | kWh (electricity) |
(Boulamanti et al. 2013) | 0.165 | 33.4 | 0.36 | 0.550 | − 1195 | kWh (electricity) |
(Cappelli et al. 2015) | 0.37 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.525 | − 0.01 | 1.02 kWh (electricity), 10.92 MJ (heat), 1.86 kg of compost |
(Giuntoli et al. 2016) | 0.2 | 35.9 | 0.36a | 0.716 | n.d. | kWh (electricity) |
(Meyer-Aurich et al. 2012) | 0.345b | 36a | 0.38 | 1.307 | 110 | kWh (electricity) |
(Lansche and Müller 2012) | 0.38 | 36a | 0.36 | 1.364 | − 722 | MJ (biogas) |
(Lansche and Müller 2017) | 0.15 | 36a | 0.574 | 0.859 | − 1841 | MJ (heat) |
(Panepinto et al. 2013) | 0.21b | 36a | 0.40 | 0.835 | − 209 | n.d. |
(Ruiz et al. 2018) | n.d. | n.d. | 0.38 | n.d. | − 7 | kWh (electricity and heat) |