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1. General Report: The Influence of Human Rights and Basic Rights in Private Law

verfasst von : Verica Trstenjak

Erschienen in: The Influence of Human Rights and Basic Rights in Private Law

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Abstract

The aim of this general report is to identify the role and the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law across different jurisdictions. It was prepared on the basis of the session ‘The influence of human rights and basic rights in private law’ at the XIXth International Congress of Comparative Law, organized by the IACL – International Association of Comparative Law, which took place between 20 and 26 July 2014 in Vienna, Austria. Nineteen national reports on countries from all over the world contributed to this end. This report aims to be international and is not solely limited to the influence of the human rights and basic rights in private law in Europe but also covers non-European and non-European Union jurisdictions. It focuses on the application and the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law, as reflected in case law and legislation. In doing so, several trends can be identified. The influence of human rights and basic rights in different spheres of private law exists, though it is limited and predominantly indirect in various fields of horizontal relationships. In particular, this is shown through the impact of human rights and basic rights on the interpretation of different private law concepts and legal rules, thereby affecting their content.

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I would like to thank Petra Weingerl for her help and assistance in drafting this general report.

Decision SC (Supreme Court) 9.9.1993, III ARN 45/93; SC 11.2.1993, III AZP 28/93.

Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn., 531 U.S. 288, 296 (2001), in Miller (2014, 7–8).

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, OJ C 83/389, 30.3.2010.

For discussion on the CJEU, private law and general principles, see also Basedow (2010).

For the detailed discussion on the influence of fundamental rights in contract law, see, for instance, Cherednychenko (2007a); Bruggemeier et al. (2010); see also, Busch and Schulte-Nölke (2010); Mak (2008).

For the collected essays on the constitutionalization of different aspects of private law, see Micklitz (2014).

BverfG 15 January 1958, BverfGE7, p. 198.

The Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Slovenia, II Ips 737/2005, 3 April 2008.

Case C-617/10, Åkerberg Fransson, ECLI:EU:C:2013:105.

Case C-399/11, Melloni, ECLI:EU:C:2013:107.

ibid., para. 60.

Case C-617/10, Åkerberg Fransson, ECLI:EU:C:2013:105, para. 21.

Case C-176/12, AMS, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2.

Directive 2002/14/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2002 establishing a general framework for informing and consulting employees in the European Community, OJ L 80, 23.3.2002.

See Đorđević v. Croatia, no. 41526/10, § 151, ECtHR 2012; Von Hannover v. Germany (No. 2), nos. 40660/08 and 60641/08, § 98, ECtHR 2012.

These principles are mentioned, for instance, in the Austrian, Czech, French, Croatian, Greek, Slovenian and Brazilian reports.

For discussion on the freedom of contract in the EU, see Basedow (2008).

BVerfGE 89, 214, 229 ff.

§§ 138, 242 BGB.

BVerfGE 89, 214, 255.

BGB l I 1997/6; see Perner and Zoppel (2014, 9–10).

R 1 June 1990, NJ 1991, 759 (Van Lanschot Bankiers v. Bink).

Pl. ÚS 42/03; also in the Netherlands, see Cherednychenko (2014, 7).

Hof Arnhem 25 October 1948, NJ 1949, 331 (Protestantse Vereniging v. Hoogers).

Cass. 19 June 2009, no. 14343.

HR 31 October 1969, NJ 1970, 57 (Mensendieck I). See also HR 18 June 1971, NJ 1971, 407 (Mensendieck II); HR 22 January 1988, NJ 1988, 891 (Maimonides).

HR 12 December 2003, NJ 2004, 117 (Aidstest II).

See for example Article 132 of the Slovenian Code of Obligations. See also Article 160 of the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Common European Sales Law, COM(2011) 635 final.

See, for instance, Cass. 5 August 2013, no. 18626.

Vizzoti v. AMSA, 14/11/2004, Fallos 327.3677; see Belluscio (2014, 8).

BAG (GS) NJW 1995, 210, 212.

Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on consumer rights, amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 85/577/EEC and Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, OJ L 304, 22.11.2011.

Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts, OJ L 95, 21.4.1993.

Council Directive 90/314/EEC of 13 June 1990 on package travel, package holidays and package tours, OJ L 158, 23.6.1990. The European Commission published a proposal for amending this Directive in 2013.

Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 1999 on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees, OJ L 171, 7.7.1999.

Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004, establishing common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights, and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 295/91, OJ L 46, 17.2.2004.

Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I), OJ L 177, 4.7.2008.

Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Common European Sales Law, COM(2011) 635 final (CESL Regulation).

See webpage of the European Commission on the CESL Regulation, accessible at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/contract/cesl/index_en.htm. Accessed 15 February 2015.

Commission Work Programme 2015: A New Start, COM(2014) 910 final.

Joined Cases C-240/98 to C-244/98, Océano Grupo, ECLI:EU:C:2000:346.

Case C-137/08, VB Pénzügyi Lízing, ECLI:EU:C:2010:659.

Joined Cases C-240/98 to C-244/98, Océano Grupo, ECLI:EU:C:2000:346, para. 29.

Case C-618/10, Banco Español de Crédito, ECLI:EU:C:2012:349.

Case C-34/13, Kušionová, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2189, para. 65.

Case C-489/07, Messner, ECLI:EU:C:2009:502.

Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts, OJ L 144, 4.6.1997.

Case C-404/06, Quelle, ECLI:EU:C:2008:231.

Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 1999 on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees, OJ L 171, 7.7.1999.

Case C-168/00, Leitner, ECLI:EU:C:2002:163.

Case C-83/10, Rodríguez, ECLI:EU:C:2011:652.

ibid., para. 34.

Joined Cases C-65/09 and C-87/09, Weber/Putz, ECLI:EU:C:2011:396.

ibid., para. 62.

Case C-214/10, KHS, ECLI:EU:C:2011:761.

Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time, OJ L 299, 18.11.2003.

Case C-214/10, KHS, ECLI:EU:C:2011:761, para. 34.

Case C-236/09, Test-Achats, ECLI:EU:C:2011:100.

Directive 2004/113/EC implementing the principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services, OJ L 373, 21.12.2004.

Case C-354/13, FOA, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2463.

Opinion of Advocate General Jääskinen in Case C-354/13, FOA, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2106.

Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation, OJ L 303, 2.12.2000.

Opinion of Advocate General Jääskinen in Case C-354/13, FOA, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2106, para. 61.

Case C-354/13, FOA, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2463, para. 64.

Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. 133 S.Ct. 1659 (2013).

Mosley v. News Group Newspapers Ltd [2008] EWHC 1777 (QB); [2008] EMLR 20.

Decision of the Constitutional Court no. 275/2002, in DR, II, 24 July 2002.

BVerfGE 88, 203, 296.

BVerfG NJW 1998, 3557; see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 13).

Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products, OJ L 210, 7.8.1985.

Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage, OJ L 143, 30.4.2004.

Directive 2009/103/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 relating to insurance against civil liability in respect of the use of motor vehicles, and the enforcement of the obligation to insure against such a liability, OJ L 263, 7.10.2009.

Case C-203/99, Veedfald, ECLI:EU:C:2001:258.

ibid., para. 26.

ibid., para. 27.

Case C-453/99, Courage and Crehan, ECLI:EU:C:2001:465; Joined Cases C-295/04 to C-298/04, Manfredi, ECLI:EU:C:2006:461.

Case C-199/11, Otis, ECLI:EU:C:2012:684.

ibid., para. 37.

ibid., para. 38.

Case C-557/12, Kone, ECLI:EU:C:2014:1317.

http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/. Accessed 15 February 2015.

http://www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.html#P1. Accessed 15 February 2015.

BGH NJW 1974, 1381; 2008, 3784.

Hof Amsterdam 12 augustus 2004, NJF 2004, 543 (NS Reizigers v. Mevrouw B).

BVerfG NJW 1992, 493, see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 16).

BGH NJW 1992, 737, see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 16). Accordingly, lawyers or tax accountants may not sell their office with clients’ files, if the clients do not agree with the transfer.

Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1, 19–21 (1948), see Miller (2014, 15).

Civil Rights Act of 1968, Pub. L. No. 90–284, 82 Stat. 73 (codified at 42 U.S.C. §§3601–3619 (2014)), see Miller (2014, 15).

WIPO Brochure ‘What is Intellectual Property’, accessible at http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/freepublications/en/intproperty/450/wipo_pub_450.pdf. Accessed 15 February 2015.

ibid.

OLG Dresden NJW 2005, 1871, see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 16).

OLG Stuttgart NJW-RR 2004, 619, 621 ff, see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 16).

For the account of the growing impact of the European integration on the property law systems of the EU Member States, see also van Erp (2012).

See the European Commission’s webpage on the IP, accessible at http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/businesses/intellectual_property/index_en.htm

ibid.

Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark, OJ L 78, 24.3.2009.

Directive 2008/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks, OJ L 299, 8.11.2008.

Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, OJ L 167, 22.6.2001.

100

Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights, OJ L 157, 30.4.2004.

101

See webpage of the European Commission on Patents, accessible at http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/patent/index_en.htm. Accessed 15 February 2015.

102

ibid.

103

Case C-283/11, Sky Österreich, ECLI:EU:C:2013:28.

104

Directive 2010/13/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2010 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services, OJ L 95, 15.4.2010.

105

Case C-283/11, Sky Österreich, ECLI:EU:C:2013:28, para. 38.

106

Case C 347/03, Tocai, ECLI:EU:C:2005:285.

107

ibid., para. 119.

108

Case C-275/06, Promusicae, ECLI:EU:C:2008:54.

109

Case C-70/10, Scarlet Extended, ECLI:EU:C:2011:771.

110

Case C-314/12, UPC Telekabel Wien, ECLI:EU:C:2014:192.

111

As the Hungarian report notes, the duty of protecting the institution of marriage and family may not lead to direct or indirect discrimination against children on the basis of whether they are brought up by their parents in a marriage or in another form of cohabitation (Gárdos-Orosz (2014, 18)). Norway has had equal rights since 1915, see Lilleholt (2014, 7). In Greece, the major reform that has been introduced by law 1329/1983 was the full equality of children who are born out of wedlock with those who are born in wedlock – a change that was combined with a symbolic change in the legal terminology, which, up until then, stigmatized those children as bastards and illegitimate, see Deliyanni-Dimitrakou and Akrivopoulou (2014, 76). In Japan, discrimination between children of married and unmarried couples was banned by the Supreme Court Judgment in 2013, see Hatano (2014, 17). In England, the inability of illegitimate children to inherit property was removed by the Family Law Reform Act 1969 (see the Family Law Reform Act 1987 and Youngs (2014, 11)).

112

BVerfGE 29, 166, 176; 76, 1, 42; BVerfGE 31, 58, 69; BVerfGE 10, 59, 66; see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 17–18).

113

BVerfGE 24, 119, 135.

114

BVerfGE 6, 55, 76, see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 17).

115

http://www.unicef.org.uk/UNICEFs-Work/UN-Convention/. Accessed 15 February 2015.

116

BGH NJW 2008, 3277.

117

Section 14 para 3 of the Austrian Tenancy Act, see Perner and Zoppel (2014, 18).

118

Orders under the Children Act provide for an unmarried parent caring for children to obtain occupation of the cohabitants’ home for the carer and the children until they attain majority. See Youngs (2014, 9).

119

Article 2 of the Same-sex Union Act; see Josipović (2014, 24).

120

Stated in Section 685/A of Act IV of 1959 on the Civil Code.

121

In the official ministerial commentary of Act XXIX on Registered Partnership and on the Amendment of Related Laws Required for Facilitating the Verification of the Existence of a Partnership. See Gárdos-Orosz (2014, 17).

122

BVerfGE 124, 199; 126, 400, 420; BVerfG NJW 2013, 847; DStR 2013, 1228; see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 21).

123

Initially, the Supreme Court refused to protect homosexual partners of a deceased tenant. In 2010, the ECtHR ruled that Polish courts had thus violated human rights (the case Kozak v. Poland, no. 13102/02, ECtHR 2010). See Łętowska (2014, 25).

124

Verdict of 28.12. 20012, III CZP 65/12, see Łętowska (2014, 25).

125

[2004] UKHL 30.

126

Vallianatos and Others v. Greece, nos. 29381/09 and 32684/09, ECtHR 2013.

127

Shalk and Kopf v. Austria, no. 30141/04, ECtHR 2010.

128

For more details, see the Constitutional Court decision at http://www.usud.hr/uploads/Odluka%20u%20povodu%20okončanja%20postupka%20nadzora%20nad%20ustavnošću%20i%20zakonitošću%20provođenja%20državnog%20referenduma%20održanog%201.12.2013.pdf. Accessed 15 February 2015.

129

Law no. 151/1975, see Navarretta and Bargelli (2014, 1).

130

Act on adoptions 28 February 1986 No. 8 (lov om adopsjon) sections 5 and 5 a; Act relating to children and their parents 8 April 1981 No. 7 (lov om barn og foreldre) section 3. See Lilleholt (2014, 7).

131

Articles 259, 260, 261 of Croatian Family Act, see Josipović (2014, 25).

132

BVerfG NJW 2001, 957, 958; see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 20). If the contract is valid according to the blanket clause of § 138 BGB, the courts may also prevent one spouse to invoke the contract pursuant to § 242 BGB, for example, if a child was born or the other spouse became seriously ill.

133

Barca v. Mears [2004] EWHC 2170 (Ch), see Youngs (2014, 9).

134

EM (Lebanon) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008] UKHL 64.

135

ZB (Pakistan) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2009] EWCA Civ 834.

136

Zaunegger v. Germany, no. 22028/04, ECtHR 2009.

137

Sporer v. Austria, no. 35637/03, ECtHR 2011.

138

Verdict of 28.4. 2003, K 18/02 CT verdict of 17.4. 2007, 20/05; CT verdict of 16.7.2007, SK 61/06. See Łętowska (2014, 23).

139

Różański v. Poland, no. 55339/00, ECtHR 2006.

140

BVerfGE 84, 9, see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 21).

141

See Chronicles of Private Law Journal, 2009, p. 818.

142

BVerfGE 79, 256; 96, 56; BVerfG NJW 2010, 3772 l, see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 22).

143

BVerfGE 96, 56, see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 22).

144

Section 757 et seq ABGB; see Perner and Zoppel (2014, 18).

145

Inheritance Act 3 March No. 5 (lov om arv m.m.) chapter III a. See Lilleholt (2014, 7).

146

The Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Slovenia No. U-I-425/06, 2 July 2009.

147

Pla and Puncernau v. Andorra, no. 69498/01, ECtHR 2004.

ibid., § 31.

ibid., § 59.

ibid.

See the European Commission’s webpage accessible at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/civil/family-matters/index_en.htm. Accessed 15 February 2015.

152

Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, repealing Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000, OJ L 338, 23.12.2003.

153

Council Regulation (EU) No 1259/2010 of 20 December 2010 implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the law applicable to divorce and legal separation, OJ L 343, 29.12.2010.

154

Council Regulation (EC) No 4/2009 of 18 December 2008 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and cooperation in matters relating to maintenance obligations, OJ L 7, 10.1.2009.

155

Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions, acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession, OJ L 201, 27.7.2012.

156

See the European Commission’s webpage accessible at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/civil/family-matters/marriage/index_en.htm. Accessed 15 February 2015.

157

Case C-403/09 PPU, Detiček, ECLI:EU:C:2009:810.

158

ibid., para. 54.

159

Case C-195/08 PPU, Rinau, ECLI:EU:C:2008:406.

160

Case C-117/01, K.B., ECLI:EU:C:2004:7.

161

Council Directive 75/117/EEC of 10 February 1975 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the application of the principle of equal pay for men and women, OJ L 45, 19.02.1975.

162

Case C-117/01, K.B., ECLI:EU:C:2004:7, para. 30.

163

Case C-147/08, Römer, ECLI:EU:C:2011:286.

164

Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation, OJ L 303, 02.12.2000.

165

Case C-147/08, Römer, ECLI:EU:C:2011:286, para. 52.

166

See, for example, Cases C-200/02, Zhu and Chen, ECLI:EU:C:2004:639; C-34/09, Ruiz Zambrano, ECLI:EU:C:2011:124; C-256/11, Dereci, ECLI:EU:C:2011:734; C-356/11, O&S, ECLI:EU:C:2012:776.

167

Case C-356/11, O&S, ECLI:EU:C:2012:776, para. 76.

168

ibid.

169

Council Directive 2003/86/EC of 22 September 2003 on the right to family reunification, OJ L 251, 3.10.2003.

170

Case C-356/11, O&S, ECLI:EU:C:2012:776, para. 76.

171

Case C-118/13, Bollacke, ECLI:EU:C:2014:1755.

172

Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003, concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time, OJ L 299, 18.11.2003.

173

I.ÚS 1586/09, dated 6 March 2012, see Hurdík and Selucká (2014, 14).

174

ibid.; see also Helleringer and Garcia (2014, 23).

175

BGHZ 13, 334, 338; see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 10).

176

Article 1 I, 2 I GG.

177

BGHZ 128, 1, 12; see Looschelders and Makowsky (2014, 11).

178

Article 134(1) of the Slovenian Code of Obligations.

179

HR 15 April 1994, NJ 1994, 608 (Valkenhorst).

180

HR 6 January 1995, NJ 1995, 422 (Parool); see Cherednychenko (2014, 9–10).

181

See Case 349/2001 MPrTrik, NoV 2002, 153.

182

Von Hannover v. Germany, no. 59320/00, ECtHR 2004.

183

EGMR NJW 2004, 2647 ff.

184

Von Hannover v. Germany, no. 59320/00, § 61, ECtHR 2004.

185

ibid., § 76.

186

The Supreme Court of Justice decision of 14 January 2010; see Monteiro et al. (2014, 35).

187

I.ÚS 1586/09, dated 6 March 2012.

188

Mladina d.d. Ljubljana v. Slovenia, no. 20981/10, ECtHR 2014.

189

ibid., § 40.

190

A. v. Norway, no. 28070/06, ECtHR 2009; see Lilleholt (2014, 4).

191

New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964).

192

See the webpage of the EU Fundamental rights agency, accessible at http://fra.europa.eu/en/theme/data-protection-privacy. Accessed 15 February 2015.

193

Case C-131/12, Google Spain SL, ECLI:EU:C:2014:317.

194

See the European Commission’s ‘Factsheet on ECJ’s ruling on the ‘right to be forgotten”, accessible at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/files/factsheets/factsheet_data_protection_en.pdf. Accessed 15 February 2015.

195

Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the retention of data generated or processed in connection with the provision of publicly available electronic communications services or of public communications networks and amending Directive 2002/58/EC, OJ L 105, 13.4.2006.

196

Joined Cases C-293/12 and C-594/12, Digital Rights Ireland, ECLI:EU:C:2014:238.

197

Case C-131/12, Google Spain SL, ECLI:EU:C:2014:317.

198

Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ L 281, 23.11.1995.

199

Case C-131/12, Google Spain SL, ECLI:EU:C:2014:317, para. 2.

200

Opinion of Advocate General Jääskinen in Case C-131/12, Google Spain SL, ECLI:EU:C:2013:424.

201

ibid, para. 99.

202

Case C-353/06, Grunkin-Paul, ECLI:EU:C:2008:559.

203

Opinion of Advocate General Sharpston in Case C-353/06, Grunkin-Paul, ECLI:EU:C:2008:246, para. 9.

204

Case C-353/06, Grunkin-Paul, ECLI:EU:C:2008:559, para. 22.

205

Case C-208/09, Sayn-Wittgenstein, ECLI:EU:C:2010:806.

206

ibid., para. 83.

Basedow, J. 2008. Freedom of Contract in the European Union. European Review of Private Law 16:901–923.

Basedow, J. 2010. The Court of Justice and Private Law: Vacillations, General Principles and the Architecture of the European Judiciary. European Review of Private Law 18:443–447.

Bruggemeier, G., Colombi Ciacchi, A., and Comandé, G. 2010. Fundamental Rights and Private Law in the European Union. Cambridge: CUP.

Busch, C., and Schulte-Nölke, H. 2010. EU Compendium – Fundamental Rights and Private Law. Munich: Sellier.CrossRef

Cartwright, J. 2007. Contract Law: An Introduction to the English Law of Contract for the Civil Lawyer. Oxford: Hart Publishing.

Cherednychenko, O. O. 2007a. Fundamental rights, contract law and the protection of the weaker party. A comparative analysis of the constitutionalisation of contract law, with emphasis on risky financial transactions. Munich: Sellier.

Cherednychenko, O. O. 2007b. Fundamental rights and private law: A relationship of subordination or complementarity. Utrecht Law Review 3:1–25.CrossRef

Ciacchi, A. 2014. European Fundamental Rights, Private Law, and Judicial Governance. In The Constitutionalization of European Private Law, ed. Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz, 102–136. Oxford: OUP.CrossRef

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Deliyanni-Dimitrakou, C., and Akrivopoulou, C. M. 2014. Greek report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Gárdos-Orosz, F. 2014. Hungarian report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Hatano, H. 2014. Japanese report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Helleringer, G. and Garcia, K. 2014. French report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Hurdík, J., and Selucká, M. 2014. Czech report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Josipović, T. 2014. Croatian report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Łętowska, E. 2014. Polish report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Lilleholt, K. 2014. Norwegian report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Looschelders, D., and Makowsky, M. 2014. German report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

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Navarretta, E. and Bargelli, E. 2014. Italian report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Perner, S., and Zoppel, M. 2014. Austrian report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Samson, M., and Langevin, L. 2014. Quebecois report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Tepedino, G. 2014. Brazilian report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Trstenjak, V. 2014. General report: The influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Weingerl, P. 2014. Slovenian report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Youngs, R. 2014. English report on the influence of human rights and basic rights in private law. IACL Congress.

Titel: General Report: The Influence of Human Rights and Basic Rights in Private Law
verfasst von: Verica Trstenjak
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Influence of Human Rights and Basic Rights in Private Law
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25335-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-25337-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25337-4_1

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