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2013 | Buch

Introduction: Research Topics and Analytical Framework Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

German Business Management

A Japanese Perspective on Regional Development Factors

verfasst von: Toshio Yamazaki

Verlag: Springer Japan

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

How are German capitalism and German business management to be understood from the perspective of Japan?

Both Germany and Japan as defeated nations in World War II received significant American leadership and support after the war. Both countries developed their enterprises, industries, and economy by deploying and adapting technology and management methods from the United States while establishing systems of industrial concentration in their own ways. By these means, both nations became major trading countries. However, current economic and business conditions differ greatly between Germany and Japan.

In trade, American influence on Japanese business is still strong. Japan could not and cannot establish a complementary relationship with American industrial sectors and their products in the American market. In addition, a common market structure like the E.U. does not exist in Asia. In contrast to Japan, Germany developed independently from the American influence and became part of a well-integrated regional economy. What were the driving forces that created those differences?

That question is approached from a Japanese point of view in this book, based on the assumption that the origins of distinct characteristics of German business management after World War II were developed in the 1950s and ’60s. The book analyzes the transformation of business management in Germany and explains the characteristics and structures of German management.

The author describes how the development of German companies determined the current German condition— “the Europeanization of Germany”—while the world faced the globalization process. Demonstrating the basic foundation of European integration by analyzing market factors in Europe as well as the internal structural transformation of management in Germany, this book is a valuable resource for undergraduate and graduate students, educators, and researchers in the fields of business management, business history, and economic history.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction: Research Topics and Analytical Framework
Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the purpose and significance of this book. It first explains the issues discussed in this book by comparing current economic and business conditions between Germany and Japan, which were not only defeated nations during WWII but also major trading countries post war. Next, research topics are identified by examining major issues in postwar German capitalism and business management, the focal topic of this book’s analysis; we do so by focusing on the postwar boom years, in particular through the early 1970s. This book explores the findings of previous research based on related topics and ensuant issues. Furthermore, in addition to clarifying two original key frameworks by the author and their significance, this section explains a “total system of business management” and “re-framing” as the frameworks for a multifactorial analysis of business management. These frameworks underpin this book’s unique explanation of German business management and capitalism.
Toshio Yamazaki
Chapter 2. America’s Global Strategy and the Development of the Productivity Movement
Abstract
This chapter discusses America’s global strategy to build the capitalistic world post WWII and the development of the US-led productivity movement. Regarding America’s global strategy, it considers the Marshall Plan and Germany’s position in it and elucidates the historical characteristics of the Plan compared with those of the Dawes Plan after WWI. In addition, it examines the restructuring of the US-led global capitalistic economic system in relation to the Bretton Woods system and the framework for the free trade system. Also, it analyzes Germany’s position in the US-led capitalist system. Regarding the productivity movement, this chapter discusses its international expansion under the US Technical Assistance Program, institutional efforts within the movement, Germany’s response to the expansion of the US-led productivity movement, and its historical characteristics and significance.
Toshio Yamazaki
Chapter 3. Changes in National, Economic, and Corporate Relations
Abstract
This chapter discusses changes in the relationship among nation, economy, and enterprises in Germany’s political economy, which were significant to business management and the development of industrial concentration. It focuses on the issues of economic order, national industrial policy, competition policy, anti-­monopoly policy, and trade policy. It considers the characteristics of postwar Japanese relationships among the nation, economy, and enterprises, and the subsequent changes in Germany. The major issues are Germany’s social market economy and currency reform, the nation’s investment aid policy, anti-monopoly policy, and European integration efforts by Germany’s trade policy. It examines the anti-­monopoly policy reform in relation to the US occupation policy, Germany’s initiatives, basic characteristics of The Restrictive Trade Practices Act, and the cooperative characteristics of German capitalism.
Toshio Yamazaki
Chapter 4. Development of the Codetermination System
Abstract
Postwar Germany built a systematic framework for labor relations based on the Codetermination Act. A new framework for labor relations in the codetermination system provided an alternative to the US model, and was an important element that regulated Germany’s “Rheinland Model of capitalism” or the “coordinated market economy.” Therefore, this chapter discusses post WWII changes in labor relations under the codetermination system. First, it views characteristics of postwar labor relations in Japan, then considers the new framework for labor relations in Germany called the “dual system,” followed by the mechanism of corporate governance based on the codetermination system. On the basis of these discussions, this chapter examines the codetermination system’s significance from the perspectives of improvement in the flow of information between labor and management, promotion of cooperative and stable labor–capital relations, and safety net functions.
Toshio Yamazaki
Chapter 5. New System of Industrial Concentration
Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of a new system of industrial concentration post WWII. Industry–bank relationships are important issues related to the system of corporate governance and German capitalism’s cooperative characteristics. These relationships developed through various mechanisms such as banks’ credit and securities businesses, the shareholdings and deposited stock system, assignment of directors from banks to corporations, and the advisory board system. Post WWII, large corporate group systems evolved during the dissolution and reconcentration of monopolies. First, this chapter examines the characteristics of postwar industrial concentration in Japan and compares them with those in Germany. Next, it analyzes new developments in Germany’s industrial systems based on industry–bank relationships from the perspectives of mechanisms of cooperative inter-firm relationships and corporate governance. Furthermore, it considers the restructuring of a system for large corporate groups in relation to the dissolution of monopolies under the occupation policy and their reconcentration in the latter half of the 1950s. Drawing on this discussion, this chapter explains the manner in which large business operations were restructured through reconcentration or concentration, and the resultant divisions of labor in business domains developed in response to oligopolistic competition.
Toshio Yamazaki
Chapter 6. Deployment of American Management Education
Abstract
Post World War II, European and Japanese enterprises and industries, as well as their overall economies, were developed by deploying and adapting US technology and management methods; this practice was also observed in Germany around the same time. American management methods were introduced and implemented under the US-led productivity movement. The major American management methods implemented in Germany were those for management education. In Germany, however, many factors influenced the introduction of American management education. This chapter discusses the deployment of American management education in relation to universities’ role in management education, eligibility criteria for executive management, and the manager promotion system in German enterprises. First, it considers Japanese characteristics in the deployment of American management education followed by that of relevant American methods. Next, it examines American initiatives in management education reform, German universities’ role in management education, and the deployment of Training within Industry (TWI) and top management education methods. These discussions explain the various factors that restricted the deployment of American-style methods in management education.
Toshio Yamazaki
Chapter 7. Deployment of American-Style Management and Mass Production Systems: Human Relations, IE, and the Ford System
Abstract
This chapter discusses the deployment of American-style management and production systems. The major issues are human relations, industrial engineering (IE), and the Ford system. It first considers Japanese characteristics of the American management and production system, and then examines the deployment of human relations, IE, and the Ford system in Germany. This chapter analyzes these issues in relation to German environmental factors such as labor relations, the codetermination system, management values and traditions, and the market structure in Germany and Europe. It reviews the deployment of human relations, in particular the problems of transformation of labor relations and those in the management system. The primary issue was the implementation of the work factor method and Methods Time Measurement (MTM) for the deployment of IE. Finally, this chapter examines the deployment of the Ford system, the rollout of the mass production system, and German manufacturing on the basis of German and European market characteristics.
Toshio Yamazaki
Chapter 8. Deployment of the American Method for Adapting to a Mass Market: Marketing, Public Relations, and Operations Research
Abstract
This chapter discusses the deployment of American methods for adapting to a mass market. As the development of mass production progressed post WWII, Germany, along with other European countries and Japan, found it important to adapt to the mass market with methods such as marketing, public relations (PR), and operations research (OR). However, in Germany many factors affected the implementation of these American methods. First, this chapter considers the deployment of American marketing methods in Japan as a representative measure for mass market adaptation. Next, it examines Germany’s deployment of American marketing methods, PR, and OR in relation to various factors such as the characteristics of domestic and European markets, production- and technology-oriented management values, the composition of executive management, and changes in the structure of competition.
Toshio Yamazaki
Chapter 9. Deployment of a Divisional Structure
Abstract
This chapter discusses the deployment of a divisional structure in relation to changes in business strategies, management systems and practices, and managers’ traditional attitudes. It examines Japan’s and Germany’s methods of deploying a divisional structure, the progress of diversification in German corporations and its connection to organizational structure reforms, and the overall situations post the deployment of the divisional structure. It also considers case studies of representative corporations in major industries such as the chemical, electric, and iron and steel industries. This chapter reviews the deployment of a control system as an internal control organization and the role of US corporations and management consulting firms in management organization reforms. These discussions explain various characteristics of the deployment of German-style divisional structure such as (1) the impact level of delegation of authorities and responsibilities, (2) the traditions and roles of the board of directors and collegiate management, (3) the characteristics of the board majority system, (4) the significance of divisional executive ­management, and (5) the use of a compensation system linked to divisional results.
Toshio Yamazaki
Chapter 10. Features and Significance of German-Style Management
Abstract
Following the previous chapters’ topics, this chapter re-evaluates the changes in business management in postwar Germany through the early 1970s by applying the two frameworks described in Chapter 1—the total system of business management and the re-framing of Americanization. First, it summarizes the environmental factors of business management on the basis of mutual relations. Next, it considers problems stemming from the German approach to conform to American methods, affected by traditional and cultural factors in business management and institutional factors. In addition, it discusses influences of the structural characteristics of German capitalism such as the structures of productive forces, industries, and markets. It also examines the development of German-style business management in relation to the reproduction (accumulation) structure of German capitalism, which was appropriate for the European region. This chapter also explains the significance of the German business management model that developed in the European environment by comparing Germany’s situation in Europe with that of Japan’s in Asia.
Toshio Yamazaki
Chapter 11. Conclusion: German Corporate Expansion and the Path to European Integration—Germany’s Development Based on Complementary Relationships in European Markets
Abstract
How are capitalism and business management in Germany, a European nation, to be understood from the perspective of Japan, an Asian nation? Drawing on the previous chapters, the present chapter uniquely addresses this question from the perspective of a Japanese researcher. Post WWII, both Germany and Japan developed their enterprises and economies by deploying and adapting US technology and management methods, becoming major trading countries. However, current economic and business conditions greatly differ between Germany and Japan. In the trade sector, America continues to strongly influence Japanese business operations. However, Japan could not and cannot establish a complementary relationship with American industrial sectors and products in the American market. Exacerbating matters, unlike the European Union, Asia has no common market structure. In contrast, Germany has developed independent of American influence and become part of a well-integrated regional economy. This chapter explains the origins of these differences, and how the transformation of German business management in the 1950s and 1960s underpinned the formation of today’s European Union. This section also suggests viewpoints for analyses on current problems affecting Germany’s role and possible initiatives in the European debt crisis.
Toshio Yamazaki
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
German Business Management
verfasst von
Toshio Yamazaki
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer Japan
Electronic ISBN
978-4-431-54303-9
Print ISBN
978-4-431-54302-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54303-9

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