6. Global Discussion of Biofuels and Food Security

Please see Fig. 7.3 (Chap.​ 7).

It translates into a 1 USD per gallon increases in the price of conventional regular gasoline.

As for more detailed studies, please refer to Koizumi and Ohga [30].

The world raw sugar price was deflated in finished goods total, according to the Producer Price Index from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics in the United States Department of Labor.

The A1 storyline and scenario family describes a future world of very rapid economic growth, a global population that peaks during mid-century and declines thereafter, and the rapid introduction of new and more efficient technologies. The A1 scenario family develops into three groups that describe alternative directions of technological change in the energy system. The three A1 groups are distinguished by their technological emphasis: fossil intensive (A1FI), non-fossil energy source (A1T), or a balance across all sources (A1B). The A2 scenario assumes a very heterogeneous world. The underlying theme is self-reliance and preservation of local identities. Fertility patterns across regions converge very slowly, which results in a continuously increasing global population. Economic development is primarily regionally oriented, and per capita economic growth and technological change are more fragmented and slower than in other scenarios. The B1 storyline and scenario family describes a convergent world with the same global population that peaks mid-century and declines thereafter, as in the A1 story line, but with rapid change in economic structures toward a service and information economy, with reductions in material intensity and the introduction of clean and resource-efficient technologies. The B2 story line and scenario family describes a world in which emphasis is placed on local solutions to economic, social, and environmental sustainability [31].

As for more detailed studies, please refer to Koizumi [34].

Interviewed from Presidência da República, Barsil (March 2011).

As for more detailed studies, please refer to Koizumi [36].

Freight from Brazil to China, including insurance, is 0.21 US$/ℓ, estimated from Sao Paulo Esalq and 1.9 DT Chemical tanker. The tariff equivalent is 0.1235 US$/ℓ (Tariff rate 2207.1 0–1 90).

As for more detailed studies, please refer to Koizumi [37].

It is hypothesized that Japan will import 3 million kℓ of Brazilian bioethanol for thermal power generation if technical and transportation problems are resolved via cooperation between Japan and Brazil.

As for more detailed studies, please refer to Koizumi [39].

As for more detailed studies, please refer to Koizumi and Ohga [42].