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Erschienen in:
Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Green Public Procurement (GPP)

verfasst von : Rika Koch

Erschienen in: Green Public Procurement under WTO Law

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter introduces the concept of GPP, providing a working definition of this term. It discusses its relevance taking into consideration various perspectives, before focusing on the environmental perspective, showing how GPP can add to a country’s overall environmental protection strategy by being an effective market-based “environmental policy instrument”. For a better illustration, this chapter provides a number of examples of GPP in various areas, illustrating its practical application as well as its environmental and economic impact. The last section concludes the chapter by providing an analysis of the four most important instruments of public procurement.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Public Procurement Regulation
Nächstes Kapitel GPP and International Trade Regulation
Fußnoten
1
Sjåfjell / Wiesbrock, 3, define “sustainable public procurement” as “rules and practices that contribute to global sustainability: a balancing of social and economic development, ensuring the fundamentals of quality of life for all people, within the ecological boundaries of the planet we live on”.
 
2
COM (2008) 400, 4.
 
3
Corvaglia 2017, 76.
 
4
Dragos / Neamtu 2016, 119.
 
5
Arrowsmith 2010a, 162.
 
6
Arrowsmith 2010a, 169.; Sjåfjell / Wiesbrock, 18.
 
7
See below, Sect. 3.6.
 
8
DEFRA, 11.
 
9
Sjåfjell / Wiesbrock, 18, see below, Sect. 8.​5.
 
10
OECD 2011, 155.
 
11
See also below, Sect. 8.​8.
 
12
See also Bovis 1998, 228.
 
13
The term policy denotes an “organized and established form of government or administration”, according to the Oxford Shorter Dictionary. This can encompass laws but also customary traditions or practices.
 
14
For the sake of simplicity the two terms “environmental protection” and “climate change mitigation” will be used as synonyms.
 
15
The term “natural resources” is understood in a broad way, encompassing raw materials and other commodities, but also living creatures and organisms, as will be further elaborated upon in Sect. 6.​4.​1.
 
16
GPA/W/341, 8, 13 and 14.
 
17
ÖkoKauf Wien, 46–57.
 
18
Wiesbrock / Sjåfell, 230.
 
19
See also Wiesbrock / Sjåfell, 231; Wiesbrock, 107.
 
20
Corvaglia, 6 with reference to McCrudden; Wiesbrock / Sjåfell, 231.
 
21
See for more details below, Sects. 8.​4 and 10.​4.
 
22
For a detailed analysis of public procurement and good governance/accountability issues see Brown-Shafii, passim.
 
23
See ex multis Corvaglia, 608; Brown-Shaffi, 15 or Arrowsmith / Kunzlik, 17.
 
24
Weber / Menoud, 184.
 
25
Schebesta, 317.
 
26
Weber / Menoud, 184 and 200.
 
27
See for example Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of building, Recital 23. Also Switzerland acknowledges the important role of the “Confederation as a Model”, stating that “Sustainable development cannot just be demanded. It must also be demonstrated”, Federal Council 2016, 50.
 
28
For a detailed overview on public procurement innovation strategies in 11 different countries see Lember et al., passim.
 
29
Lember et al., 2.
 
30
Semple 2015, 7.24.
 
31
Preamble of Directive 2014/24/EU, Recital 47.
 
32
For a detailed account and critical assessment of various environmental policy measures see Trüeb 2001, 388–514.
 
33
For a detailed analysis of the political economics of environmental protection see Trüeb 2001, 128–218.
 
34
Weber 2017, 355.
 
35
This term was coined by Aldy / Barret / Stavins 2012, 155.
 
36
Aldy / Barret / Stavins 2012, 154.
 
37
Ibid.
 
38
Weber / Koch 2015b, 3: apart from the EU, countries like China or Australia plan to establish ETS.
 
39
Aldy / Barret / Stavins 2003, 359.
 
40
Aldy / Barret / Stavins 2003, passim.
 
41
Trüeb 2001, 512.
 
42
Weber 2017, 356.
 
43
Cosbey / Mavroidis, passim; see also Shadikhodjaev, 481 for an overview of market distortion in the energy sector through various forms of subsidies for fossil fuels on the one hand and on renewable energy on the other hand.
 
44
Weber / Koch 2015b, passim.
 
45
See e.g. Arrowsmith 2010a, 159; Arrowsmith / Kunzlik, 15 and 16.
 
46
See below, Sect. 3.6.
 
47
Arrowsmith / Kunzlik, 15.
 
48
DEFRA, 17. PWC, Chapter 4, also provides an analysis of GPP in ten selected product groups.
 
49
For the UK see Rhodes 2015, passim.
 
50
Kahlenborn et al., 1.
 
51
EU Commission, Buying Green Handbook, 49.
 
52
DEFRA, 58.
 
53
Ibid.
 
54
Tukker et al.,15. The number also include tobacco and narcotics. For a detailed analysis of GPP in the food sector at EU level see Schebesta, passim.
 
55
EU Commission, Buying Green Handbook, 70–71.
 
57
See Directive 2009/33/EC of on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles, Recital 16.
 
58
IISD 2012a, 11.
 
59
Weber / Koch 2015a, 757.
 
60
Ibid.
 
61
Sjåfjell / Wiesbrock, 230.
 
62
See Regulation No 106/2008 on a Community energy-efficiency labelling programme for office equipment.
 
63
Nordic Council, 5.
 
64
Ibid, 17.
 
65
Ibid,, 14.
 
66
Schebesta, 319.
 
67
The term “instruments” refers to the classical public procurement categories, such as technical specifications or award/evaluation criteria. They will be referred to as “instrument” for reasons of simplicity and accuracy. In literature, the (less clear) terms “issues” or “conditions” are also used.
 
68
See Corvaglia 2017, fn 229 et seq. with references or Steiner 2006, 58.
 
69
Steiner 2006, 72: “Die technischen Spezifikationen sind aus Sicht der ökologischen Vergabe die klassische Kategorie, weil sie der umweltfreundlichen Beschaffungspraxis die meisten Möglichkeiten bieten.”
 
70
Weber / Menoud, 192.
 
71
In the context of Switzerland, see below, Sect. 10.​3.
 
72
Arrowsmith 2003, 303; see also below, Sect. 6.​4.
 
73
Schebesta, 320.
 
74
Semple 2015, 4.12.
 
75
See e.g. Article 9.2(a) UNCITRAL Model Law.
 
76
Weber / Koch 2016, 11.
 
77
Weber / Menoud, 197.
 
78
See above, Sect. 2.​2.
 
79
See below, Sect. 8.​5.
 
Metadaten
Titel
Green Public Procurement (GPP)
verfasst von
Rika Koch
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Buch
Green Public Procurement under WTO Law

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-48213-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-48214-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48214-5_3

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