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2013 | Buch

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Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials

Properties, Advantages and Shortcomings for Applications Volume 1: Conventional Approaches

verfasst von: Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Verlag: Springer New York

Buchreihe : Integrated Analytical Systems

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

The two volumes of Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials provide a detailed and comprehensive account of materials for gas sensors, including the properties and relative advantages of various materials. Since these sensors can be applied for the automation of myriad industrial processes, as well as for everyday monitoring of such activities as public safety, engine performance, medical therapeutics, and in many other situations, this handbook is of great value. Gas sensor designers will find a treasure trove of material in these two books.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction

Abstract

Atmospheric air contains numerous kinds of chemical species, natural and artificial, some of which are vital to our life while many others are more or less harmful. Gas sensors control the composition of the air and therefore these devices make it possible to control the quality of the surrounding atmosphere. This chapter describes possible areas of applications as well as approaches used for gas sensor classification, discusses requirements for gas sensors vs the field of application, and carries out a comparative analysis of gas sensors based on different principles of operation. A general consideration of materials acceptable for gas sensor design is included. The chapter includes 16 figures, 23 tables, and 177 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Conventional Gas Sensing Materials

Frontmatter

Chapter 2. Metal Oxides

Abstract

Metal oxides are the class of materials having the widest application in gas sensors. This chapter presents information related to the application of various metal oxides in gas sensors designed on different principles. In particular, in the present chapter one can find descriptions of solid electrolyte hydrogen and oxygen electrochemical sensors, metal oxide heated chemirestors, p–n homojunction and heterostructure-based sensors, room temperature gas sensors, pyroelectric-based gas sensors, thermoelectric gas sensors, optical gas sensors based on chemochromic materials, etc. Criteria for metal oxides application in these devices are given. A comparative analysis of metal oxides is presented, and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The chapter includes 37 figures, 22 tables, and 399 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 3. Polymers

Abstract

Polymers constitute another class of materials which are also very promising for various applications including gas sensors. The present chapter gives a general overview of polymers and explains their advantages for application in gas sensors of various types. The mechanisms of conductivity change in polymer-based gas sensors under influence of gas surrounding are discussed. The limitations on polymers being used in gas sensors and the approaches for choosing polymers aimed at gas sensor design are also presented. The chapter includes 17 figures, 11 tables, and 182 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 4. Thin Metal Films

Abstract

Thin metal films have a long history in gas sensor applications since all types of gas sensors include metal films, playing the role of either electrode or sensing material. This chapter describes the approaches which can be used for designing metal film-based gas sensors. Processes responsible for conductivity change in metal films are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of metal-based gas sensors and approaches to sensor parameters improvement are analyzed as well. The chapter includes 9 figures, 2 tables, and 82 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 5. Semiconductors in Gas Sensors

Abstract

The chapter describes and analyzes semiconductors which can be used for gas sensor design. This class of materials includes silicon, III-V compounds, wide-bandgap semiconductors, II-VI compounds, various thermoelectric materials, semiconducting glasses, Te, and a variety of porous semiconductors such Si and SiC. The parameters of these materials are given, and advantages and disadvantages of these materials’ application in gas sensors are discussed. The chapter includes 21 figures, 8 tables, and 169 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 6. Solid Electrolytes for Detecting Specific Gases

Abstract

Metal oxides have the best combination of properties required for designing gas sensors aimed at the detection of a great number of gases and vapors. However, it was found that in several cases connected with the detection of specific gases, such as CO₂, H₂, SO₂, and NO_x at low operating temperatures, other materials, in particular solid electrolytes based on various salts, can be preferable. The present chapter analyzes these materials and includes a general overview of electrochemical solid electrolyte-based gas sensors, describing the ideal solid electrolyte for application in gas sensors. Various gas sensors, which can be based on different solid electrolytes are discussed And the cross sensitivity of solid electrolyte-based gas sensors is analyzed. The chapter includes 15 figures, 5 tables, and 91 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Auxiliary Materials

Frontmatter

Chapter 7. Materials for Sensor Platforms and Packaging

Abstract

Platforms are an important element of gas sensors. The present chapter describes different approaches and materials used for platform fabrication. In particular, in this chapter one can find descriptions of conventional platforms, micromachining hotplates, flexible platforms, cantilever-based platforms, and platforms based on paper. Advantages and disadvantages of these platforms used for gas sensor fabrication are analyzed. The chapter includes 16 figures, 7 tables, and 123 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 8. Materials for Thick Film Technology

Abstract

Thick film technology is one of the major technologies used for gas sensor fabrication. The ability to form a gas sensing layer with a required composition and porosity makes it possible to design gas sensors with high operating characteristics. This chapter gives a short description of the materials which can be applied in this technology for preparing various pastes used to fabricate sensing layers and electrodes. The chapter includes 2 figures, 2 tables, and 18 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 9. Electrodes and Heaters in MOX-Based Gas Sensors

Abstract

Materials which can be used for fabricating electrodes and heaters in metal oxide chemiresistors and solid electrolyte-based gas sensors are the object of analysis in the present chapter. It is known that another crucial issue, beyond the sensing layer and the sensor design, is the choice of the metal used for making electrical contacts to the sensing layer. The heater is also an important part of the gas sensor because the majority of gas sensors, including conductometric MOX sensors, thermoelectric sensors, and pelistors, operate at high temperatures. The requirements for materials aimed at the fabrication of electrodes and heaters, their parameters, and their limitations are discussed. The chapter includes 8 figures, 2 tables, and 127 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 10. Surface Modifiers for Metal Oxides in Conductometric Gas Sensors

Abstract

Surface modification of gas sensing layers is one of the most promising approaches available for optimizing the operating characteristics of conductometric gas sensors. Clusters of noble metals, transition metal oxides, etc., can be used for this purpose. Nanoscaled particles of these elements deposited on the surface of metal oxides can act as surface sites for adsorbates, catalysts, or promoters for surface reactions, and as elements promoting improvement in the thermal stability of the film nanostructure. The present chapter analyzes this approach, describes mechanisms of sensitization, and gives detailed information about catalysts used for surface functioning. The approaches to noble metal cluster forming are also discussed. The chapter includes 8 figures, 6 tables, and 74 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 11. Catalysts Used in Calorimetric (Combustion-Type) Gas Sensors

Abstract

The calorimetric gas sensor is a device which uses calorimetry as the transduction principle and operates by measuring the heat of a reaction on the sensor surface. It is known that the exothermic nature of the combustion (the oxidation reaction) causes a rise in temperature. The effectiveness of combustion-type gas sensors depends on the efficiency of the catalysts used and the present chapter analyzes these catalysts and compares their porformances. The chapter includes 5 figures, 1 table, and 28 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 12. Filters in Gas Sensors

Abstract

The incorporation of a variety of additional physical/passive and catalytically active/chemical filters into the measuring unit or directly into the sensor construction is one of the most effective methods for improving both sensor selectivity and sensor resistivity to poisoning. The present chapter describes the materials used for fabrication of these filters and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages. Sorbents for gas preconcentrators are also discussed. It was found that preconcentration is the most effective method for improving sensor selectivity and detection limits for certain analytes, preconcentration being one of the methods used for gas sampling. The chapter includes 4 figures, 3 tables, and 54 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Materials for Specific Gas Sensors

Frontmatter

Chapter 13. Materials for Piezoelectric-Based Gas Sensors

Abstract

Piezoelectric-based or acoustic wave (AW) sensors such as surface acoustic wave (SAW), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) or bulk acoustic wave (BAW), and cantilever-based devices create a specific class of gas sensors widely used in various applications. The present chapter gives detailed information about piezoelectric materials which can be used in these devices. Descriptions of materials acceptable for fabrication of both interdigital transducers (IDT) in piezoelectric-based gas sensors and high temperature AW devices are given. Materials used for forming gas sensing layers, which provide high sensitivity and selectivity to acoustic wave devices, and approaches used for miniaturization of piezoelectric sensors are also analyzed. The chapter includes 7 figures, 11 tables, and 82 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 14. Materials for Optical, Fiber Optic, and Integrated Optical Sensors

Abstract

Optical gas sensors are one of the most promising devices designed for gas detection. Gas detection by optical sensors is based on measuring changes in optical properties. However, these gas sensors are relatively complex devices and include many elements such as optical fibers, planar waveguides, light sources, optical detectors, mirrors, etc. The present chapter gives both a general overview of optical gas sensing and a detailed analysis of the materials used to produce these elements. The chapter includes 10 figures, 21 tables, and 82 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 15. Materials for Electrochemical Gas Sensors with Liquid and Polymer Electrolytes

Abstract

Liquid and polymer-based gas sensors are low temperature devices which are capable of working at room temperature. This chapter analyzes the features of these devices and discusses the materials which can be used to make them. Detailed descriptions of liquid and polymer electrolytes, as well as the materials used as electrodes in electrochemical sensors, are included. Membranes and gas diffusion electrodes and technologies of its fabrication are also discussed. The chapter includes 2 figures, 4 tables, and 42 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 16. Materials for Capacitance-Based Gas Sensors

Abstract

Capacitance-type sensors form a large percentage of existing sensor types used in both research and industry, as they offer significant advantages in terms of simplicity of fabrication, sensitivity, and low-power operation. This chapter explains the operation of these devices and analyzes the materials such as polymers, metal oxides, porous silicon, CNTs, etc., which are used to make them. The chapter includes 7 figures, 2 tables, and 82 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 17. Sensing Layers in Work-Function-Type Gas Sensors

Abstract

Classical work-function-type gas sensors are specific devices based on the Kelvin method (using the so-called Kelvin probe or Kelvin oscillator). Features of these gas sensors’ operation and the various materials, such as metallic films, inorganic and organic layers, which can be used in these devices as a sensing element, are discussed. The chapter includes 9 figures, 1 table, and 67 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 18. Humidity-Sensitive Materials

Abstract

Humidity measurement and control is vital to many manufacturing processes such as textiles production, food processing, paper making, semiconductor manufacture, the petrochemical industries, and many others. The present chapter describes the principles of humidity sensor operation and analyzes the materials acceptable for application in these devices. Experiment has shown that polymers and metal oxides are the most promising materials for this purpose. Porous semiconductors such as porous silicon and other materials such as CNTs, LiCl, etc., can also be used. The advantages and disadvantages of these materials are given. The chapter includes 9 figures, 2 tables, and 152 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 19. Materials for Field Ionization Gas Sensors

Abstract

Field ionization gas sensors have limited application. However, these devices have important advantages. They work by fingerprinting the ionization characteristics of distinct gases and therefore this type of sensors can detect gases regardless of their adsorption energies. The present chapter explains these sensors’ operation and analyzes materials such as CNTs and metal oxide nanorods and nanowires. Their application can considerably improve the operation parameters of field ionization gas sensors. The chapter includes 8 figures and 14 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Chapter 20. Gas Sensors Based on Thin-Film Transistors

Abstract

Experiment has shown that sensors based on the field-effect transistor (FET) offer a simple, efficient, and low-cost sensing platform for various applications, in particular for flexible electronics. The present chapter explains the mechanism of FET-based gas sensor operation, and describes the gas-sensing characteristics of both organic and metal oxide thin film transistors. It was found that polymers and metal oxides such as the In-Ga-Zn-O system are the most promising materials for application in FET-based gas sensors. Discussion of other materials which can be used for designing FET-based sensors is also presented. The chapter includes 10 figures, 2 tables, and 88 references.

Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Backmatter

Titel: Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials
verfasst von: Ghenadii Korotcenkov
Verlag: Springer New York
Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4614-7165-3
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7164-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7165-3

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