nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Health Co-benefits of Climate Mitigation Policies: Why Is It So Hard to Convince Policy-Makers of Them and What Can Be Done to Change That?

verfasst von : Anil Markandya, Jon Sampedro

Erschienen in: Ancillary Benefits of Climate Policy

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The health co-benefits of mitigation strategies across different regions of the world are compared with the mitigation costs using state-of-the-art modelling and health benefit estimation methods. Global co-benefits exceed mitigation costs for both the 2 °C and 1.5 °C targets. At the national/regional level the co-benefits only exceed the mitigation costs of India. In other regions they still make a major contribution to reducing overall costs. Given these findings the chapter examines why co-benefits have played a small role in climate policy. Reasons include interpretations of the value of the health co-benefits, especially premature mortality, not accounting for some important non-health economic co-benefits and the asymmetry between diffuse co-benefits versus concentrated mitigation costs. The chapter offers some ways of addressing these factors to make co-benefits more central in climate policy.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Ancillary Benefits of Carbon Capture and Storage

Nächstes Kapitel Financing Forest Protection with Integrated REDD+ Markets in Brazil

The two terms are used interchangeably in this chapter.

This chapter uses material prepared for the Markandya et al. (2018) paper but not published in the article.

Further details of the model can be found in Van Dingenen et al. (2018).

For O₃ coverage is for respiratory disease and for PM it is for ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, lung cancer, and acute lower respiratory airway infections.

See https://tntcat.iiasa.ac.at/SspDb/dsd?Action=htmlpage&page=about. An important part of the SSP scenario is the emissions factors over time. For details of these see Rao et al. (2017).

If the reduction is achieved through a global carbon tax the total cost is independent of the distribution of the burden. With less efficient tools for attaining the reduction, the cost can depend to some extent on the distribution.

The two excluded allocations are ones involving very unequal allocations to developed countries. Moreover, to be realized they require huge negative emissions, which is unrealistic.

All costs are discounted at 3%. The impact of the choice of the discount rate is discussed later.

Costs are higher under the CAP scenario because under that scenario the total reduction in emissions to 2050 is greatest. Although total emissions reductions to 2100 are the same under all three scenarios, the CAP rule allocates in inverse proportion to GDP. With growing GDP and convergence in GDP per capita over the century the total allocations post 2050 are greater and pre 2050 smaller, making the required reduction pre-2050 larger.

The formula proposed by the OECD for calculating the VSL in country i is: \( {VSL}_i={VSL}_{OECD}{\left[\frac{GDPPC_i}{GDPPC_{OECD}}\right]}^{0.8} \). GDPPC is the per capita GDP. 0.8 is referred to as the elasticity of VSL with respect to GDPPC. The use of a single value such as this has recently been questioned, it being argued that the value should vary regionally. See Viscusi and Masterman (2017).

A lower value to lives saved is arrived at if one uses a formula based on GDP per capita but this has less justification on social grounds, as it is based on the output value of individuals and would by implication place no value on the old and the sick.

A higher discount rate raises the relative importance of health co-benefits in China slightly but reduces it in all other countries/regions. This reflects the relative time profiles of co-benefits relative to mitigation costs, which are influenced by many factors.

The value attached to a reduction in mortality of X% is the VSL times X%.

Household air pollution associated with the use of solid biofuels for cooking and heating in homes also is a major source of premature mortality in the developing world, with an estimated 2.5 million premature deaths in 2016 according to GBD.

This can help reduce exposure to pollutant concentrations but account has to be taken of air movement within airsheds.

Arrow KJ et al (2012) How should benefits and costs be discounted in an intergenerational context? RFF DP 12–53. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC

Bishop KC, Ketcham JD, Kuminoff NV (2018) Hazed and confused: the effect of air pollution on dementia. No. w24970. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MACrossRef

Bowe B, Xie Y, Li T, Yan Y, Xian H, Ziyad Al-Aly Z (2018) The 2016 global and national burden of diabetes mellitus attributable to PM2.5 air pollution. Lancet Planet Health 2:e301–e312CrossRef

Burnett RT et al (2014) An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ Health Perspect. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307049 CrossRef

Burnett RT et al (2018) Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:9592–9597CrossRef

Cohen AJ et al (2017) Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the global burden of diseases study 2015. Lancet 389(10082):1907–1918CrossRef

Cropper M, Khanna S (2014) How should the world bank estimate air pollution damages? RFF DP 14–30. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC

Edenhofer O et al (2014) Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. IPCC WGII report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Forouzanfar MH, Afshin A, Alexander LT, Anderson HR, Bhutta ZA, Biryukov S, et al (2016) Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015. Lancet [Internet]. [cited 2017 Mar 9]; Available from: https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/172718

Glomsrod S (1990) Stabilization of emissions of CO₂: a computable general equilibrium assessment, discussion paper no.48. Central Bureau of Statistics, Oslo

Hunt A, Ferguson J, Hurley F, Searl A (2016) Social costs of morbidity impacts of air pollution. Report no 99. OECD Publishing, Paris

Lindhjem H, Navrud S, Biausque V, Braathen N (2012) Mortality risk valuation in environment, health and transport policies. OECD Publishing, Paris

Markandya A, Sampedro J, Smith SJ, van Dingenen R, Pizarro-Irizar C, Arto I, Gonzalez M (2018) Health co-benefits from air pollution and mitigation costs of the Paris agreement: a modelling study. Lancet Planetary Health 2:e126–e133CrossRef

Newbury JB, Arseneault L, Beevers S, Kitwiroon N, Roberts S, Pariante CM, Kelly FJ, Fisher HL (2019) Association of air pollution exposure with psychotic experiences during adolescence. JAMA Psychiat 76:614–623CrossRef

Newell RG, Pizer WA (2003) Discounting the distant future: how much do uncertain rates increase valuations? J Environ Econ Manag 46:52–71CrossRef

Nordhaus WD (1994) Managing the global commons: the economics of climate change. MIT Press, Cambridge

OECD (2014) Cost of air pollution: health impacts of road transport. OECD Publishing, ParisCrossRef

Rao S et al (2017) Future air pollution in the shared socio-economic pathways. Glob Environ Chang 42:346–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.012 CrossRef

Robiou du Pont Y, Jeffery ML, Gütschow J, Rogelj J, Christoff P, Meinshausen M (2016) Equitable mitigation to achieve the Paris agreement goals. Nat Clim Chang 7(1):38–43CrossRef

Smith SJ, Pitcher H, Wigley TML (2005) Future sulfur dioxide emissions. Clim Chang 73(3):267–318CrossRef

Soppelsa ME, Gracia NL, Xu LC (2019, April 30) The effects of pollution and business environment on firm productivity in Africa. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 8834. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3380727

Van Dingenen R, Dentener F, Crippa M, Leitao J, Marmer E, Rao S et al (2018) TM5-FASST: a global atmospheric source–receptor model for rapid impact analysis of emission changes on air quality and short-lived climate pollutants. Atmos Chem Phys 18(21):16173–16211CrossRef

Van Vuuren DP, Riahi K, Calvin K, Dellink R, Emmerling J, Fujimori S et al (2017) The shared socio-economic pathways: trajectories for human development and global environmental change. Glob Environ Chang 42:148–152CrossRef

Viscusi WK, Aldy JE (2003) The value of a statistical life: a critical review of market estimates throughout the world. J Risk Uncertain 27(1):5–76CrossRef

Viscusi WK, Masterman CJ (2017) Income elasticities and global values of a statistical life. J Benefit-Cost Anal 8:226–250CrossRef

World Bank and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2016) The cost of air pollution: strengthening the economic case for action. World Bank, Washington, DC

World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. WHO, Geneva

Titel: Health Co-benefits of Climate Mitigation Policies: Why Is It So Hard to Convince Policy-Makers of Them and What Can Be Done to Change That?
verfasst von: Anil Markandya
Jon Sampedro
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Ancillary Benefits of Climate Policy
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-30977-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-30978-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30978-7_13

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Premium Partner