Introduction
Methods
Study sample
Measures
Main exposure: homebound status
Covariates: demographic measures
Medical conditions
Functional status
Pain
Outcomes
Statistical analyses
Results
Study participants
Characteristic | Homebound (n = 473) | Semi-homebound (n = 1257) | Non-homebound (n = 5467) | Total (n = 7197) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Weighted total (N) | 1,551,121 | 4,792,683 | 27,011,310 | 33,355,114 |
Demographics
| ||||
Age, mean (SD) | 80.1 (9.80) | 77.7 (8.50)** | 74.0 (6.18)** | 74.8 (6.89) |
Gender (%) | ||||
Male | 25.8 | 34.7* | 47.0** | 44.3 |
Female | 74.2 | 65.3 | 53.0 | 55.7 |
Education (%) | ||||
<High school | 48.1 | 36.7** | 18.9** | 22.8 |
High school/GED | 26.3 | 25.9 | 27.3 | 27.1 |
Some college | 17.9 | 23.6 | 26.8 | 25.9 |
≥Bachelor’s | 7.7 | 13.8 | 27.0 | 24.2 |
Race (%) | ||||
White, non-Hispanic | 62.7 | 73.1** | 82.3** | 80.1 |
Black, non-Hispanic | 13.6 | 11.1 | 7.5 | 8.3 |
Hispanic | 17.8 | 10.9 | 5.6 | 6.9 |
Other | 5.9 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.7 |
Income (%) | ||||
≤$10,000 | 26.1 | 17.3** | 8.4** | 10.5 |
$10,001–$20,000 | 37.6 | 32.8 | 17.8 | 20.9 |
$20,001–$35,000 | 21.6 | 21.8 | 21.9 | 21.8 |
$35,001–$65,000 | 9.7 | 17.6 | 26.0 | 24.1 |
$65,001–$100,000 | 2.8 | 6.3 | 14.9 | 13.1 |
>$100,000 | 2.2 | 4.2 | 11.0 | 9.6 |
Clinical and functional
| ||||
Pain in the last month (%) | 75.2 | 76.3 | 47.1** | 52.6 |
Depressiona (%) | 43.5 | 28.2** | 9.8** | 14.0 |
Chronic conditions, mean (SD) | 4.7 (2.42) | 4.0 (2.21)** | 2.4 (1.52)** | 2.8 (1.79) |
Difficulty going outside (%) | 60.9 | 42.6** | 2.8** | 11.2 |
Falls in the last month (%) | 22.5 | 23.1 | 7.0** | 10.0 |
Functional limitations, mean (SD) | ||||
ADL impairments | 2.3 (3.04) | 1.2 (2.10)** | 0.1 (0.48)** | 0.3 (1.17) |
Eating | 17.3 | 6.2** | 0.5** | 2.1 |
Getting in or out of bed | 31.4 | 16.6** | 0.9** | 4.6 |
Getting in or out of chairs | 38.0 | 19.9** | 1.2** | 5.6 |
Walking around inside | 41.0 | 23.9** | 1.2** | 6.3 |
Dressing | 34.2 | 20.1** | 1.2** | 5.5 |
Bathing | 42.5 | 22.6** | 1.2** | 6.2 |
Toileting | 29.5 | 12.3** | 0.7** | 3.7 |
IADL impairments | 3.6 (3.10) | 2.0 (2.55)** | 0.3 (1.12)** | 0.7 (1.70) |
Preparing meals | 52.3 | 26.9** | 4.2** | 9.7 |
Doing laundry | 60.1 | 35.2** | 5.0** | 11.9 |
Light housework | 49.5 | 23.9** | 3.4** | 8.5 |
Shopping for groceries | 73.7 | 49.1** | 6.5** | 15.7 |
Managing money | 51.0 | 28.8** | 6.0** | 11.3 |
Taking medicine | 40.6 | 24.2** | 3.8** | 8.5 |
Making phone calls | 30.5 | 15.4** | 3.0** | 6.1 |
Community participation
Barriers to participation
Not done in past month (%) [SE] | Health prevented activity (%) [SE] | Transportation prevented activity (%) [SE] | |
---|---|---|---|
Homebound
| |||
Visit in person with friends or family | 21.7 (2.73) | 42.9 (2.97) | 16.1 (2.45) |
Attend religious services | 59.7 (3.05) | 64.1 (3.05) | 14.0 (2.47) |
Participate in clubs, classes, or other activities | 70.5 (4.79) | 58.4 (5.52) | 18.2 (4.69) |
Go out for enjoyment | 54.3 (3.76) | 59.3 (4.17) | 12.2 (2.57) |
Semi-homebound
| |||
Visit in person with friends or family | 15.8 (1.57) | 23.8 (1.51) | 8.3 (0.97) |
Attend religious services | 36.7 (1.50) | 41.0 (1.87) | 10.2 (1.00) |
Participate in clubs, classes, or other activities | 54.0 (2.70) | 34.1 (2.58) | 8.4 (1.27) |
Go out for enjoyment | 19.3 (1.68) | 26.0 (1.58) | 6.5 (1.08) |
Non-homebound
| |||
Visit in person with friends or family | 6.5 (0.47) | 3.5 (0.22) | 1.3 (0.16) |
Attend religious services | 20.0 (0.76) | 7.4 (0.45) | 1.8 (0.20) |
Participate in clubs, classes, or other activities | 30.9 (1.09) | 5.7 (0.54) | 1.0 (0.14) |
Go out for enjoyment | 8.4 (0.53) | 4.0 (0.28) | 0.9 (0.12) |