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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

How Have the U.S. Interests in Greenland Changed?: Reconstructing the Perceived Value of Thule Air Base After the Cold War

verfasst von : Kousuke Saitou

Erschienen in: The Influence of Sub-state Actors on National Security

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to examine how the U.S. interests regarding Thule Air Base have changed in the post-Cold War period. Initially, various U.S. bases in Greenland were established or strengthened to counter the Soviet threat in the early stages of the Cold War. Therefore, when that threat receded, it was expected that their strategic importance would diminish dramatically. However, by the end of the 1990s, the U.S. recognized the increased missile capabilities of “rogue states,” accelerating the deployment of the missile defense system. Thus, the value of Thule Air Base increased as a key part of the system, affecting the trilateral negotiations between Washington, Copenhagen, and Nuuk. The U.S. military bases in Greenland also serve as hubs for scientific research concerning the Arctic region, although this feature affects base politics less directly than do military factors, due to third-party influences, such as civilian infrastructure and international cooperation.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Greenland’s Quest for Autonomy and the Political Dynamics Surrounding the Thule Air Base

Nächstes Kapitel Russia’s Military Build-Up in the Arctic: Russia’s Threat Perception and its Military Strategy in the Arctic Region

Petersen, N. 2011. “Greenland in the U.S. Polar Strategy”: 92.

Grimmett, R. F. 1992. Base Closures in Europe: Cost and Procedural Issues, CRS Report for Congress, July 27: 15–20. By country, the investment amount of Germany is the largest, at approximately $3.891 million, followed by the United Kingdom in an extremely distant second place ($794.7 million).

Patricia Schroeder (Chairman) and James F. Boatright (Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, Installations), Hearing before Military Installations and Facilities Subcommittee, the Committee on Armed Services, Senate, March 19, 1992: 193.

James F. Boatright, Hearing before Military Construction Appropriations Subcommittee, the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, March 12, 1992: 484.

Ibid.: 484–485, 531.

Posen pointed out the military “Command of Commons” in air, sea, land, and space as a source of the U.S. hegemony in the post-Cold War era, as well as its limitations. Posen, B. R. 2003. “Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of U.S. Hegemony,” International Security, 28, no. 1: 5–46.

Gary D. Vest (Deputy Assistant Secretary, Air Force) and James E. McCarthy (civil engineer, Air Force), Hearing before Military Installations and Facilities Subcommittee, the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, April 22, 1993: 17.

U.S. Department of State, Soviet Statement in Connection with the Third Review of the Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems, September 1, 1988, https://www.state.gov/t/avc/trty/101888.htm (accessed March 20, 2018).

Samuel Nunn (Chairman) and Stephen J. Hadley (Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy), Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, Senate, May 20, 1992: 537.

P.L. 98–373, Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984, July 31, 1984.

A prepared statement in a hearing on base closures, Hearing before the Military Installations and Facilities Subcommittee, the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, February 27, 1991: 215.

In the 1991 MOU on the withdrawal, it was recognized that on the one hand the non-removable property left at Sondrestrom Air Base was to be relinquished, but that on the other hand, during a crisis the U.S. military would be entitled to priority use of the runway, parking, and refueling facilities.

A prepared statement in a hearing on Arctic Ocean research, Hearing before the National Ocean Policy Study of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Senate, April 24, 1991: 50. See also U.S. Arctic Research Commission, Logistic Support of United States Research in Greenland: Current Situation and Prospects, December 1990.

Al Gore, Robert Corell (Assistant Director of Geosciences, NSF), and Peter Wilkniss (Division of Polar Program, NSF), Hearing before the Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Senate, May 13, 1991: 46–47.

U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Undersecretary of Defense (Policy), Report to Congress on Arctic Operations and the Northwest Passage, 2011: 18.

U.S. Arctic Research Commission, Logistic Recommendations for an Improved U.S. Arctic Research Capability, July 1997: 83, https://www.arctic.gov/publications/other/usarc_logistics_report.html (accessed March 20, 2018).

Ibid.: 15.

U.S. Arctic Research Commission, 1990: 10.

Post-hearing questions submitted to Neal Lane (Director, NSF), Hearing before Subcommittee on Basic Research, the Committee on Science, House of Representatives, April 22, 1998: 108.

Executive Summary of the Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, July 15, 1998, https://fas.org/irp/threat/bm-threat.htm (accessed March 20, 2018).

P.L. 106–38, National Missile Defense Act of 1999, July 22, 1999.

William Cohen (Secretary of Defense) and John Warner, Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, Senate, July 25, 2000: 101.

Warner, Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services: 137.

“Greenland Divided over US Missile Shield,” Space Daily, August 23, 2000, http://www.spacedaily.com/news/bmdo-00zzy.html (accessed March 20, 2018).

Ibid.

This can be clearly inferred from the logic of two-level games. See Putnam, R. D. 1988. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games,” International Organization, 42, no. 3: 427–460. Though from a slightly different viewpoint, Archer also analyzes the history of trilateral negotiations among Copenhagen, Nuuk, and Washington D.C. with the theoretical framework of the two-level games. Archer, “Greenland, US Bases, and Missile Defence”: 125–147.

James M. Inhofe, and Earnest O. Robbins II (USAF, Civil Engineer), Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, Senate, August 2, 2001: 206–207.

Ronald T. Kadish (USAF, Director, Missile Defense Agency), Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, Senate, March 18, 2003: 614, 616, 670.

Ronald T. Kadish, Hearing before Subcommittee of Strategic Forces, the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, March 25, 2004: 204.

Network effects refer to the phenomenon in which, alongside the increase in the number of participants, the value of the network rises and the benefits for the users increase.

The Associated Press, “Greenland Base to be Upgraded as Part of Missile Shield Plan,” New York Times, August 7, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/07/world/greenland-base-to-be-upgraded-as-part-of-missile-shield-plan.html (accessed March 20, 2018).

Henry A. Obering (USAF, Director, Missile Defense Agency), Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, Senate, April 7, 2005: 153, 160.

Henry A. Obering, Hearing before Strategic Forces Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, March 9, 2006: 6–8.

Brian R. Green (Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Strategic Capabilities, Department of Defense) and Henry A. Obering, Hearing before Strategic Forces Subcommittee, the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, March 27, 2007: 15, 58, 65.

Obering, Hearing before Strategic Forces Subcommittee, the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, March 27, 2007: 65.

The White House, National Security Strategy, May 2010: 50.

DoD, Report to Congress on Arctic Operations and the Northwest Passage: 18.

Ibid.: 23.

Ibid.: 25.

Executive Summary of the Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States.

Obering, Hearing before Strategic Forces Subcommittee, the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, March 27, 2007: 15.

Archer, C. 2003. Greenland, US bases, and missile defence: New two-level negotiations? Cooperation and Conflict 38 (2): 143.CrossRef

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Peoples, C. 2010. Justifying ballistic missile defence: Technology, security, and culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Corgan, M. T. 2014. The USA in the Arctic: Superpower or spectator? In Security and sovereignty in the north Atlantic, ed. Lassi Heininen, 62–79. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Doel, R. E. 2003. Constituting the postwar earth sciences: The military’s influence on the environmental sciences in the USA after 1945. Social Studies of Science 33 (5): 635–666.CrossRef

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Spring, B. 2000. Clinton’s failed missile defense policy: A legacy of missed opportunities, The Heritage Foundation, September 21. http://www.heritage.org/defense/report/clintons-failed-missile-defense-policy-legacy-missedopportunities. Accessed 20 Mar 2018.

Williams, C. J. 2000. U.S. offering Greenlanders a deal they may find hard to refuse, Los Angeles Times, July 23. http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jul/23/news/mn-57864. Accessed 20 Mar 2018.

Titel: How Have the U.S. Interests in Greenland Changed?: Reconstructing the Perceived Value of Thule Air Base After the Cold War
verfasst von: Kousuke Saitou
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Influence of Sub-state Actors on National Security
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-01676-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-01677-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01677-7_4

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