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Environmental Earth Sciences

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01.01.2024 | Original Article

Hydro-geochemical and microbial analysis of springs in Raghuganga rural municipality of Gandaki Province, Nepal

verfasst von: Nikita Maharjan, Sadhana Pradhanang Kayastha, Chandrashekhar Bhuiyan

Erschienen in: Environmental Earth Sciences | Ausgabe 1/2024

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Abstract

Springs are one of the most important sources of water in Nepal as people are heavily dependent on springs for their day-to-day life. However, inventory of available springs and assessment of spring water quality for possible uses is lacking. In this study, analysis of the concentration of physical and chemical parameters and pathogen contamination in springs of the Raghuganga Municipality (RRM) of Gandaki Province, Nepal was conducted to assess the water quality and to understand the reasons for their spatial variation. Altogether 107 water samples from 47 springs were collected during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods of the year 2021. Following chemical analysis of the samples, suitability of the springs for drinking was assessed through comparison of the water quality parameters with the WHO and NDWQS guidelines and by computation of the water quality index (WQI). Similarly, their suitability for irrigation and industrial uses was assessed using sodium absorption ratio (SAR), salinity, and Na%. Piper diagram, Gibbs plot and Mixing diagram were used, and multivariate statistical tests were employed to understand the hydro-chemical characteristics and statistical significance. The spring water chemistry was found to be governed by underlying geogenic factors dominated by carbonate rock weathering and all the spring samples were found suitable for irrigation and industrial uses based on the physical and chemical parameters. However, presence of fecal coliform in 18 pre-monsoon samples (38.3%) and one post-monsoon sample (2%) deemed the spring water unsuitable and unsafe for drinking without proper treatment.

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Titel: Hydro-geochemical and microbial analysis of springs in Raghuganga rural municipality of Gandaki Province, Nepal
verfasst von: Nikita Maharjan
Sadhana Pradhanang Kayastha
Chandrashekhar Bhuiyan
Publikationsdatum: 01.01.2024
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Environmental Earth Sciences / Ausgabe 1/2024
Print ISSN: 1866-6280
Elektronische ISSN: 1866-6299
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11321-3

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