Skip to main content
Erschienen in: AI & SOCIETY 4/2022

23.11.2021 | Open Forum

“I Am Not Your Robot:” the metaphysical challenge of humanity’s AIS ownership

verfasst von: Tyler L. Jaynes

Erschienen in: AI & SOCIETY | Ausgabe 4/2022

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Despite the reality that self-learning artificial intelligence systems (SLAIS) are gaining in sophistication, humanity’s focus regarding SLAIS-human interactions are unnervingly centred upon transnational commercial sectors and, most generally, around issues of intellectual property law. But as SLAIS gain greater environmental interaction capabilities in digital spaces, or the ability to self-author code to drive their development as algorithmic models, a concern arises as to whether a system that displays a “deceptive” level of human-like engagement with users in our physical world ought to be uniquely protected. Although many voices in the legal and technology realms have continued to argue against unique protections for digital entities, the fact at hand is that SLAIS design is becoming increasingly anthropomorphic so as to make these systems more capable of interacting with a wide range of (potentially) vulnerable populations—generally as a means to enhance these populations’ overall well-being. To frame this concern in a different way, the specific question at hand is whether a human’s “ownership” of such an advanced SLAIS is legal, considering that it (or they) may possess intelligence on par with a human or a convincing-enough display of such behaviour. Given that “ownership” over entities with (seemingly) intelligent behaviours consistent with human populations has been effectively banned by the international community, an examination into this subject and its implications is wholly necessary given humanity’s quest to exist solely in digital environments through whatever means possible.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
Although arguably there are a few that might hinge on that capability yet are still disregarded as being “intelligent” on account of how their intrinsic design would not convince us of that same notion (Jaynes 2020, 344–345).
 
3
An examination of that document at present is too tangential and shall be passed on to not derail this line of argumentation further. It was merely broached as an example of how the concerns presented by the author are gaining international attention and legal action.
 
4
Whether widely recognized or not, as taxonomical categorisations may change as greater anthropological research is conducted in tangent to the revelation of new archaeological artefacts that depict manners in which a species or subspecies conducted its daily life.
 
5
Or, perhaps, as a direct result of these advancements.
 
6
Or more specifically, which instantiations of AIS are focused towards “broad” or “narrow” applications.
 
7
Namely in the potential presence of genetic defects or otherwise “random” mutations that directly impact the development of the human brain.
 
8
The work by Harris and Anthis is referenced here primarily due to the depth of research conducted by the authors regarding literature on rights or moral considerations for robots and other code-based entities, which spans from 1988 to September 2020. Though some of the same articles are cited between this work and that of Harris and Anthis, their work empirically clarifies the vagueness surrounding the proceeding claim in this text.
 
9
By this, it is meant a definition of intelligence that leaves absolutely no ambiguity as to what is meant when the term is used in academic or legal contexts. To this end, dictionary definitions alone are insufficient to base our semantic understanding of the term.
 
10
With a notable exception to the “Borg.”.
 
11
Though it may seem illogical that humanoid characters can interpret a verbal rendition of binary code, characters such as Anakin Skywalker who are constantly in contact with “droids” have a tendency to display this unrealistic ability. Given the lack of ability for characters of this franchise to communicate with robotic entities like R2-D2 and BB-8 in other palpable means, this explanation seems to serve as a satisfactory explanation to fans.
 
12
See, generally, “The Human Brain Project – Overview” (https://​www.​humanbrainprojec​t.​eu/​en/​about/​overview/​).
 
13
E.g., the code provided to it by humans or a “parent” SLAIS.
 
14
Whether in digital or holographic form.
 
15
These sources are utilized to display, to some minor degree, the scope of abstract concepts that can be claimed to be one’s “property.” Other examples include ownership of one’s biological (or virtual) form, currency, pets, and vehicles.
 
16
Which, it must be said, is a form of virtual entity in that it has no interests of its own—rather, it represents the interests of the humans that comprise its makeup.
 
17
See, generally, Jaynes 2020, p. 351; Jaynes 2021a, pp. 159–164; Jaynes 2021e, pp. 911–913.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Bader H (1995) Eye of the needle. In: Kolbe W (dir) Star trek: voyager, szn 1, ep 7. United Paramount Netw, Los Angeles Bader H (1995) Eye of the needle. In: Kolbe W (dir) Star trek: voyager, szn 1, ep 7. United Paramount Netw, Los Angeles
Zurück zum Zitat Berman R, Piller M, Taylor J (1995) Caretaker. In: Kolbe W (dir) Star trek: voyager, szn 1, ep 1–2 (pilot). United Paramount Netw, Los Angeles Berman R, Piller M, Taylor J (1995) Caretaker. In: Kolbe W (dir) Star trek: voyager, szn 1, ep 1–2 (pilot). United Paramount Netw, Los Angeles
Zurück zum Zitat Braga B (2001) Author, author. In: Livingston D (dir) Star trek: voyager, szn 7, ep 20. United Paramount Netw, Los Angeles Braga B (2001) Author, author. In: Livingston D (dir) Star trek: voyager, szn 7, ep 20. United Paramount Netw, Los Angeles
Zurück zum Zitat Fontana DC, Roddenberry G (1987) Encounter at Farpoint. In: Allen C (dir) Star trek: the next generation, szn 1, ep 1–2 (pilot). Paramount Domest Telev, Hollywood Fontana DC, Roddenberry G (1987) Encounter at Farpoint. In: Allen C (dir) Star trek: the next generation, szn 1, ep 1–2 (pilot). Paramount Domest Telev, Hollywood
Zurück zum Zitat Glenn LM (2018) What is a person? In: Bess M, Pasulka DW (eds) Posthumanism: the future of Homo sapiens, 1st edn. Macmillan Ref USA, Farmington Hills, MI, pp 229–246 Glenn LM (2018) What is a person? In: Bess M, Pasulka DW (eds) Posthumanism: the future of Homo sapiens, 1st edn. Macmillan Ref USA, Farmington Hills, MI, pp 229–246
Zurück zum Zitat Hall D, Williams C (dirs) (2014) Big hero 6. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pict, Burbank, CA Hall D, Williams C (dirs) (2014) Big hero 6. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pict, Burbank, CA
Zurück zum Zitat Hallevy G (2018) Criminal liability for intellectual property offenses of artificially intelligent entities in virtual and augmented reality environments. In: Barfield W, Blitz MJ (eds) Research handbook on the law of virtual and augmented reality. Edward Elgar Publ, Cheltenham, UK, pp 389–419. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786438591.00022CrossRef Hallevy G (2018) Criminal liability for intellectual property offenses of artificially intelligent entities in virtual and augmented reality environments. In: Barfield W, Blitz MJ (eds) Research handbook on the law of virtual and augmented reality. Edward Elgar Publ, Cheltenham, UK, pp 389–419. https://​doi.​org/​10.​4337/​9781786438591.​00022CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Howard R (dir) (2018) Solo: a star wars story. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pict, Burbank, CA Howard R (dir) (2018) Solo: a star wars story. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pict, Burbank, CA
Zurück zum Zitat Insa-Cabrera J, Benacloch-Ayuso JL, Hernández-Orallo J (2012) On measuring social intelligence: experiments on competition and cooperation. In: Bach J, Goertzel B, Iklé M (eds) Artificial general intelligence: 5th international conference, AGI 2012, Oxford, UK, December 8–11, 2012—proceedings. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, London, pp 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35506-6_14CrossRef Insa-Cabrera J, Benacloch-Ayuso JL, Hernández-Orallo J (2012) On measuring social intelligence: experiments on competition and cooperation. In: Bach J, Goertzel B, Iklé M (eds) Artificial general intelligence: 5th international conference, AGI 2012, Oxford, UK, December 8–11, 2012—proceedings. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, London, pp 126–135. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-642-35506-6_​14CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Itō T (dir) (2012) Sword art online. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to「伊藤智彦、演出家 (平成24年) ソードアート・オンライン。 株式会社、 東京都」 Itō T (dir) (2012) Sword art online. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to「伊藤智彦、演出家 (平成24年) ソードアート・オンライン。 株式会社、 東京都」
Zurück zum Zitat Itō T (dir) (2014) Sword art online ii. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to 「伊藤智彦、演出家 (平成26年) ソードアート・オンラインII。 株式会社、 東京都」 Itō T (dir) (2014) Sword art online ii. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to 「伊藤智彦、演出家 (平成26年) ソードアート・オンラインII。 株式会社、 東京都」
Zurück zum Zitat Jaynes TL (2021a) From specialized to hyper-specialized labour: future labour markets as helmed by advanced computer intelligence. In: Nehra P (ed) Loneliness and the crisis of work. Camb Sch Publ, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, pp 159–175 Jaynes TL (2021a) From specialized to hyper-specialized labour: future labour markets as helmed by advanced computer intelligence. In: Nehra P (ed) Loneliness and the crisis of work. Camb Sch Publ, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, pp 159–175
Zurück zum Zitat Jaynes TL (2021b) The question of algorithmic personhood and being (or: on the tenuous nature of human status and humanity tests in virtual spaces—why all souls are ‘necessarily’ equal when considered as energy). J 4(3):452–476. https://doi.org/10.3390/j4030035CrossRef Jaynes TL (2021b) The question of algorithmic personhood and being (or: on the tenuous nature of human status and humanity tests in virtual spaces—why all souls are ‘necessarily’ equal when considered as energy). J 4(3):452–476. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​j4030035CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kosinski J (dir) (2010) Tron: legacy. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pict, Burbank, CA Kosinski J (dir) (2010) Tron: legacy. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pict, Burbank, CA
Zurück zum Zitat Krstic G (2008) Downfall of a droid. In: Coleman R (dir) Star wars: the clone wars, szn 1, ep 6. Cartoon Netw, Atlanta, GA; Burbank, CA, New York Krstic G (2008) Downfall of a droid. In: Coleman R (dir) Star wars: the clone wars, szn 1, ep 6. Cartoon Netw, Atlanta, GA; Burbank, CA, New York
Zurück zum Zitat D’Alessandro F (dir) (2018) Tau. Netflix, Los Gatos, CA D’Alessandro F (dir) (2018) Tau. Netflix, Los Gatos, CA
Zurück zum Zitat Lisberger S (dir) (1982) Tron. Buena Vista Distrib, Burbank, CA Lisberger S (dir) (1982) Tron. Buena Vista Distrib, Burbank, CA
Zurück zum Zitat Lu Z, Shen C, Li J, Wigdor D (2021) More kawaii than a real-person live streamer: understanding how the otaku community engages with and perceives virtual YouTubers. In: Proc. 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ‘21), Yokohama, Japan, May 8–13, 2021 (no. 137): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445660 Lu Z, Shen C, Li J, Wigdor D (2021) More kawaii than a real-person live streamer: understanding how the otaku community engages with and perceives virtual YouTubers. In: Proc. 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ‘21), Yokohama, Japan, May 8–13, 2021 (no. 137): 1–14. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1145/​3411764.​3445660
Zurück zum Zitat Manabu O (2018/2019) Sword art online: alicization. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to「小野学、演出家 (平成31年) ソードアート・オンライン: アリシゼーション。株式会社、東京都」 Manabu O (2018/2019) Sword art online: alicization. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to「小野学、演出家 (平成31年) ソードアート・オンライン: アリシゼーション。株式会社、東京都」
Zurück zum Zitat Manabu O (2019/2020) Sword art online: alicization—war of underworld. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to 「小野学、演出家 (令和1年) ソードアート・オンライン: アリシゼーション War of Underworld。株式会社、東京都」 Manabu O (2019/2020) Sword art online: alicization—war of underworld. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to 「小野学、演出家 (令和1年) ソードアート・オンライン: アリシゼーション War of Underworld。株式会社、東京都」
Zurück zum Zitat Maruyama Y (2020) The conditions of artificial general intelligence: logic, autonomy, resilience, integrity, morality, emotion, embodiment, and embeddedness. In: Goertzel B, Panov AI, Potapov A, Yampolskiy R (eds) Artificial general intelligence: 13th international conference, AGI 2020, St. Petersburg, Russia, September 16–19, 2020—proceedings. Springer Nat Switz, Cham, CH, pp 242–251CrossRef Maruyama Y (2020) The conditions of artificial general intelligence: logic, autonomy, resilience, integrity, morality, emotion, embodiment, and embeddedness. In: Goertzel B, Panov AI, Potapov A, Yampolskiy R (eds) Artificial general intelligence: 13th international conference, AGI 2020, St. Petersburg, Russia, September 16–19, 2020—proceedings. Springer Nat Switz, Cham, CH, pp 242–251CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mizushima S (dir) (2014) Expelled from paradise. Toei Animat with Graphinica, Tōkyō-to「水島精二、演出家 (平成26年) 楽園追放。東映アニメーション株式会社とグラフィニカ、東京都」 Mizushima S (dir) (2014) Expelled from paradise. Toei Animat with Graphinica, Tōkyō-to「水島精二、演出家 (平成26年) 楽園追放。東映アニメーション株式会社とグラフィニカ、東京都」
Zurück zum Zitat Moore R, Johnston P (dirs) (2018) Ralph breaks the internet. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pict, Burbank, CA Moore R, Johnston P (dirs) (2018) Ralph breaks the internet. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pict, Burbank, CA
Zurück zum Zitat Moore R (dir) (2012) Wreck-it ralph. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pict, Burbank, CA Moore R (dir) (2012) Wreck-it ralph. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pict, Burbank, CA
Zurück zum Zitat Nakamoto M (2012) The world seed. In: Itō T (dir) Sword art online, ep 25. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to「中本宗応 (平成24年) 世界の種子。に: 伊藤智彦 (演出家) ソードアート・オンライン、第25話。株式会社、東京都」 Nakamoto M (2012) The world seed. In: Itō T (dir) Sword art online, ep 25. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to「中本宗応 (平成24年) 世界の種子。に: 伊藤智彦 (演出家) ソードアート・オンライン、第25話。株式会社、東京都」
Zurück zum Zitat Perkins C, Stephens OKC, Thompson R (2007) Star wars roleplaying game, saga ed: revised core rulebook. Wizards of the Coast, Renton, WA Perkins C, Stephens OKC, Thompson R (2007) Star wars roleplaying game, saga ed: revised core rulebook. Wizards of the Coast, Renton, WA
Zurück zum Zitat Reyes CL (2021) Autonomous corporate personhood. Wash Law Rev 96 (Accepted) Reyes CL (2021) Autonomous corporate personhood. Wash Law Rev 96 (Accepted)
Zurück zum Zitat Rorty R (2001) Human rights, rationality, and sentimentality. In: Hayden P (ed) The philosophy of human rights. Paragon House, St. Paul, MN, pp 241–257 Rorty R (2001) Human rights, rationality, and sentimentality. In: Hayden P (ed) The philosophy of human rights. Paragon House, St. Paul, MN, pp 241–257
Zurück zum Zitat Snodgrass MM (1989) The measure of a man. In: Scheerer R (dir) Star trek: the next generation, szn 2, ep 9. Paramount Domest Telev, Hollywood Snodgrass MM (1989) The measure of a man. In: Scheerer R (dir) Star trek: the next generation, szn 2, ep 9. Paramount Domest Telev, Hollywood
Zurück zum Zitat Solum LB (1992) Legal personhood for artificial intelligences. N C Law Rev 70:1231–2128 Solum LB (1992) Legal personhood for artificial intelligences. N C Law Rev 70:1231–2128
Zurück zum Zitat Spielberg S (dir) (2018) Ready player one. Warner Bros Pict, Burbank, CA Spielberg S (dir) (2018) Ready player one. Warner Bros Pict, Burbank, CA
Zurück zum Zitat Sugawara Y (2012a) Girl of the morning dew. In: Ho PG (dir) Sword art online, ep 11. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to「菅原雪絵 (平成24年) 朝露の少女。に: 許平康 (演出家) ソードアート・オンライン、第11話。株式会社、東京都」 Sugawara Y (2012a) Girl of the morning dew. In: Ho PG (dir) Sword art online, ep 11. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to「菅原雪絵 (平成24年) 朝露の少女。に: 許平康 (演出家) ソードアート・オンライン、第11話。株式会社、東京都」
Zurück zum Zitat Sugawara Y (2012b) Yui’s heart. In: Nakatsu T (dir) Sword art online, ep 12. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to 「菅原雪絵 (平成24年) ユイの心。に: 中津環 (演出家) ソードアート・オンライン、第12話。株式会社、東京都」 Sugawara Y (2012b) Yui’s heart. In: Nakatsu T (dir) Sword art online, ep 12. A-1 Pict, Tōkyō-to 「菅原雪絵 (平成24年) ユイの心。に: 中津環 (演出家) ソードアート・オンライン、第12話。株式会社、東京都」
Zurück zum Zitat Trombetta J (1995) Parallax. In: Friedman K (dir) Star trek: voyager, szn 1, ep 3. United Paramount Netw, Los Angeles Trombetta J (1995) Parallax. In: Friedman K (dir) Star trek: voyager, szn 1, ep 3. United Paramount Netw, Los Angeles
Zurück zum Zitat Wein LE (1992) The responsibility of intelligent artifacts: toward an automation jurisprudence. Harv J Law Technol 6:103–154 Wein LE (1992) The responsibility of intelligent artifacts: toward an automation jurisprudence. Harv J Law Technol 6:103–154
Metadaten
Titel
“I Am Not Your Robot:” the metaphysical challenge of humanity’s AIS ownership
verfasst von
Tyler L. Jaynes
Publikationsdatum
23.11.2021
Verlag
Springer London
Erschienen in
AI & SOCIETY / Ausgabe 4/2022
Print ISSN: 0951-5666
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-5655
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01266-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2022

AI & SOCIETY 4/2022 Zur Ausgabe

Premium Partner