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2017 | Buch

Discussing and Conceiving an Information and Technology Governance Model in Public Organizations Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Information Technology Governance in Public Organizations

Theory and Practice

herausgegeben von: Lazar Rusu, Gianluigi Viscusi

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Integrated Series in Information Systems

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book examines trends and challenges in research on IT governance in public organizations, reporting innovative research and new insights in the theories, models and practices within the area. As we noticed, IT governance plays an important role in generating value from organization’s IT investments. However there are different challenges for researchers in studying IT governance in public organizations due to the differences between political, administrative, and practices in these organizations.

The first section of the book looks at Management issues, including an introduction to IT governance in public organizations; a systematic review of IT alignment research in public organizations; the role of middle managers in aligning strategy and IT in public service organizations; and an analysis of alignment and governance with regard to IT-related policy decisions.

The second section examines Modelling, including a consideration of the challenges faced by public administration; a discussion of a framework for IT governance implementation suitable to improve alignment and communication between stakeholders of IT services; the design and implementation of IT architecture; and the adoption of enterprise architecture in public organizations.

Finally, section three presents Case Studies, including IT governance in the context of e-government strategy implementation in the Caribbean; the relationship of IT organizational structure and IT governance performance in the IT department of a public research and education organization in a developing country; the relationship between organizational ambidexterity and IT governance through a study of the Swedish Tax Authorities; and the role of institutional logics in IT project activities and interactions in a large Swedish hospital.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Management

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Discussing and Conceiving an Information and Technology Governance Model in Public Organizations
Abstract
Over the past decades, the role of Information Technology (IT) has changed significantly, from office and process automation to value aggregation and innovation through its use. This set of changes also includes citizen profile, government positioning and openness. They generate many new demands, such as fast, reliable IT solutions, information, and services that are enhanced by IT solutions. Considering this scenario, managing IT is no longer enough; it is necessary to go one step further to a governance process. This chapter aims to propose a guide for discussing and conceiving an IT Governance (ITG) model in public organizations. In order to verify its suitability, a multi method approach was adopted, combining various data collection and analysis techniques. A case study was conducted in the State Government of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), aiming to verify the suitability of the guide in a certain context. The results presented in this chapter combine multiple data sources such as non-participant observation, document analysis and focus groups. The findings show that the following aspects are essential when discussing an ITG model: business needs, managing pillars, organizational governance principles, regulations, common issues related to IT, business needs related to IT, ITG goals, ITG principles, ITG mechanisms, key decisions, decision rights, organizational structure, Critical Success Factors and monitoring indicators. Our findings have revealed that by applying the proposed guide it was possible to conceive an ITG model related to the specific criteria of the studied case.
Edimara M. Luciano, Guilherme C. Wiedenhöft, Marie Anne Macadar, Gabriela V. Pereira
Chapter 2. IT Alignment in Public Organizations: A Systematic Literature Review
Abstract
IT alignment is one of the widely researched topics in the information systems research area and continue to be a top management concern. However, IT alignment in the context of public organizations is still less explored. A systematic literature review is conducted to provide an overview of the current status of the research in this area and the possible future research directions. Major databases and top conference proceedings in information systems and e-government area were searched by using key words to collect articles for analysis. Finally, a total of 58 articles were identified and included in the literature review. The findings of this study indicate case study research as the most preferred research method. But due to the small numbers of public organizations explored in these studies the results are problematic for generalisation. Apart from these findings we have identified and discussed the research concepts addressed in IT alignment in public organizations studies that were categorized using the dimensions of Strategic Alignment Maturity model. The findings of this study have revealed some potential future research directions that have been less explored like organizational culture, organizational politics, social interaction, and informal organizational structure influence on IT alignment in public organizations.
Lazar Rusu, Gideon Mekonnen Jonathan
Chapter 3. A Perspective on the Roles of Middle Managers in Aligning Strategy and Information Technology in Public Service Organizations
Abstract
The paper presents theoretical findings in relation to the roles of middle managers in strategic alignment situated in public service organizations based on a study of the Irish public healthcare system. Middle manager roles in strategic alignment is an area of under-represented interest and the paper aims to make a contribution to bridge that gap by offering a perspective based on gaining insight into the strategy process as it relates to information technology (IT) management and strategy-making. A process-oriented study traced a longitudinal case-series of five episodes of IT strategy-making which formed the basis for data collection and analysis. The study revealed six distinct roles as being relevant to middle managers in aligning strategy and IT. The findings are discussed as they relate to IT middle manager roles in strategic alignment, and middle manager strategic agency in public service.
Eamonn Caffrey, Joe McDonagh
Chapter 4. Governing Is in the Details—The Longitudinal Impact of IT-related Policy Management for Public Boards
Abstract
Decision makers increasingly enforce policies of digitalization of everyday activities. The aim of this study is to examine, at the micro level, the practices and their impact of people transforming the way they conduct their public board work due to an IT-related policy decision. We argue for analysis of the seemingly small, slow, yet fundamental interactions with which humans shape and reinvent organizational life. Our approach provides insights into the impact of implementation of policy decisions and how change of seemingly mundane activities creates the evolution of new structures and practices of importance. Our study highlights a reconstitution of routines and change of anchoring practices of a public board that (a) anchors new material to a board member’s responsibilities without utilizing its inherent advantages, (b) anchors new conflicting routines while abandoning well established ones, and (c) results in new routines that weaken fundamental goals of the board member’s role and work counterproductive to human cognition.
Jenny Eriksson Lundström, Mats Edenius

Modeling

Frontmatter
Chapter 5. Towards Decentralized IT Governance in the Public Sector: A Capability-oriented Approach
Abstract
Modern public organizations undergo an important transformation becoming a part of dynamic “innovative ecosystem” where they co-create value with citizens, government, policy makers and other institutions. Information Technology plays a central role in this transformation. Getting more value from IT becomes an intrinsic part of organizational mission. Information Technology Governance (ITG) is an important instrument that ensures that the organization will succeed in its mission. Efficient yet adaptive ITG is indispensable. To respond to the increasing service demand, public organizations require resources and capacities that lay outside the organization. Co-production, engagement of citizens and partner organizations, open innovation—are some of the major challenges. Meeting these challenges, public organizations need to master new governance styles to overcome the shortcomings of hierarchical structures and centralized decision making. In this work, we define a model where we adopt the theory of public value in order to reason about different contexts where ITG mechanisms are proposed as capabilities. We distinguish between three ITG styles: centralized, federated and decentralized and thereby provide a rationale allowing public organizations to identify an ITG style that fits best to their value-creation context and corresponding capability patterns as reusable ways for implementing governance of IT.
Irina Rychkova, Jelena Zdravkovic
Chapter 6. IT Governance and Its Implementation Based on a Detailed Framework of IT Governance (dFogIT) in Public Enterprises
Abstract
IT governance in public organizations and enterprises has encountered challenges due to internal and external factors. Most of these challenges are related to strategic alignment issues involving governance bodies and their communication with stakeholders. Furthermore, public organizations are now more concerned about receiving the most value from IT services. This requires effective IT governance that enables IT alignment and creates business value from IT investments. The contribution presented in this chapter is to depict the evolution in the IT-business relationship over the last years and highlight the challenges in IT governance. Second, the current IT governance standardization and its consequences in public enterprises will be reviewed. Finally, dFogIT is presented as real case of involving the implementation of the IT governance framework in a public organization.
Beatriz Gómez, Belén Bermejo, Carlos Juiz
Chapter 7. Business and IT Architecture for the Public Sector: Problems, IT Systems Alternatives and Selection Guidelines
Abstract
Digitization is seen as a central force in order to transform the public sector to become transparent, participative, collaborative as well as efficient. In order to realize the digitalization, a public organization need to have an IT architecture that can support such a transformation. Therefore, decision makers in a public organization need to make informed decisions when governing, designing and implementing an IT architecture. This require that they have an understanding of the alternatives available to them in terms of possible IT systems and their roles in the organization’s overall IT architecture. However, there is a lack of concrete descriptions providing such an understanding. In this chapter we present a number of types of IT system that public organizations could or need to have as part of their IT architectures; the problems these types of IT system address; what alternative IT systems and technology solutions are available for each type of IT system; and guidelines on what alternative solutions to select given the situation or condition at hand in a public organization. The chapter also includes a description of the relationships between the various types of IT systems and clarifies their roles by means of a business and IT architecture. The business and IT architecture, the different alternatives and guidelines are based on experiences from a number of research projects within the public sector. Real-life examples from the projects illustrate the alternatives proposed.
Martin Henkel, Erik Perjons, Eriks Sneiders
Chapter 8. Problems of Enterprise Architecture Adoption in the Public Sector: Root Causes and Some Solutions
Abstract
Enterprise architecture (EA) is a comprehensive approach aimed at understanding and aligning an organization’s business strategy and processes, information resources, and information technologies. However, implementing this approach in an organization is not an easy task as organizations have their preexisting siloes and fragmented procedures and departments. Comprehensive, inter-organizational practices, such as EA, usually break old procedures and habits, shift decision-making power, and challenge old values. This makes EA endeavors extremely difficult. In this paper, we conduct a qualitative multiple-case study. We use institutional theory to identify problems and their root causes in EA adoption in three cases. We also discuss possible solutions—by identifying eight root causes and several examples, both successful and not-so-successful—to mitigate or overcome these problems. We also argue that institutional theory and its three pillars provide a usable lens to analyze EA adoption.
Dinh Duong Dang, Samuli Pekkola

Cases

Frontmatter
Chapter 9. IT Governance in E-Government Implementations in the Caribbean: Key Characteristics and Mechanisms
Abstract
There have been sustained calls related to the need for countries to improve public service delivery as well as the methods by which governments interface with citizens. E-government strategies have been proposed and developed with the aim of transforming the operations and effectiveness of public bodies. As a grouping of small island states, the Caribbean region is faced with unique institutional and structural challenges to the adoption and implementation of these measures. The results of various e-government strategies have been varied across the board. It is recognized that a key component in the implementation and further development of e-government initiatives entails the supporting IT governance framework. This paper offers a critical assessment of e-government strategies across the Caribbean focusing on the challenges, success factors and opportunities for implementation. The study explores the challenges and opportunities for advancing in and beyond e-government to c-government and more generally, in utilising emerging technologies and innovations, facilitated by IT governance mechanisms, towards improved public governance.
Arlene Bailey, Indianna Minto-Coy, Dhanaraj Thakur
Chapter 10. IT Organizational Structure Relationship with IT Governance Performance: Case of a Public Organization
Abstract
Information Technology (IT) is widely used in organizations and managers continue to struggle with how to govern IT. IT governance concerns the decision rights and division of responsibilities to achieve value from IT investments. Any IT governance approach is incorporated into a given organizational structure. However in the particular context of public organizations, there is little research on IT organizational structure relationship with IT governance performance. In this research, a case study is done in a public organization to find out how suitable is the organizational structure of the IT department is in relation with the IT governance performance. The results reveal that the IT department organizational structure needs to suit the IT governance performance desired outcomes. In this case, operating as a public organization has actuated the organization to focus on IT governance outcome of effective use of IT for growth. This together with the IT governance archetypes of this public organization for different IT decisions led the IT department leaders to adopt a matrix organizational structure.
Parisa Aasi, Lazar Rusu, Dorothy Leidner
Chapter 11. Ambidextrous IT Governance in the Public Sector: A Revelatory Case Study of the Swedish Tax Authorities
Abstract
Contemporary organizations are increasingly turning their attention towards utilizing information technology not solely for achieving efficiency gains but also for attaining innovation. The literature suggests that the trade-off between efficiency and innovation may be avoided through adopting what is referred to as organizational ambidexterity. Using a revelatory case study of the Swedish tax authorities informed by organizational ambidexterity, we develop an understanding of how the strive for ambidexterity is effectuated through IT Governance. Our research shows that despite the best intentions of the organization in stipulating ambidextrous IT Governance, the implementation of said governance invariantly becomes laden with trade-offs. In addition to providing insights about the relatively novel phenomenon of Ambidextrous IT Governance, the study contributes to the literature on organizational ambidexterity with an empirical investigation into the difficulties associated with achieving ambidexterity within the public sector.
Johan Magnusson, Jacob Torell, Lidija Polutnik, Urban Ask
Chapter 12. Conflicting Institutional Logics in Healthcare Organisations: Implications for IT Governance
Abstract
IT governance is a challenging area in healthcare organisations. Healthcare organisations are under pressure to transform and make use of new information technologies in order to be more effective and serve a growing number of patients. Healthcare IT implementation projects typically involve multiple stakeholders whose ideas and images of processes and results can differ severely. In this case study, at a large Swedish hospital, we investigate how different institutional logics conflict and interplay in a Health IT project and what this implies for IT governance. Our research questions are (i) How do institutional logics influence IT project activities and interactions? (ii) What implications have an institutional logics perspective for IT governance in healthcare organisations? Institutionalised views of different stakeholders may enable or slow down IT development and implementation. We have identified four logics affecting actions and interactions in the studied project which are; medical logic, management logic, IT function logic and vendor logic. The institutional logics perspective contributes to important understanding on complexities in Health IT projects and guidance on how to overcome complications providing important implications for IT governance.
Jenny Lagsten, Malin Nordström
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Information Technology Governance in Public Organizations
herausgegeben von
Lazar Rusu
Gianluigi Viscusi
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-58978-7
Print ISBN
978-3-319-58977-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58978-7

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