1 Introduction
2 Factors Influencing Microplastic Ingestion by Freshwater Biota
2.1 The Role of Feeding Types
2.1.1 Invertebrates
Uptake (P Ind−1 h−1) | Species |
---|---|
Ciliates | |
Yes (13.6–1,200) |
Epistylis plicatilis
a, Epistylis rotans
c, Halteria grandinella
a, Halteria sp.b, Pelagohalteria viridis
b, Stokesia sp.a, Strombidium viride
b, Strombidium sp.a,b, Vorticella microstoma
a, Vorticella natans
a, Vorticella sp.b, Unident. oligotrichsa, Unident. Scuticociliatidaa
|
No |
Askenasia volvox
b, Balanion sp.b, Coleps sp.a, Condylostoma sp.a, Cyclidium sp.b, Didinium sp.a,b, Lembadion magnum
a, Litonotus spp.a, Mesodinium spp.a, Paradileptus sp.a, Paradileptus elephantinus
b, Strobilidium caudatum
b, Strombidium viride
a, Suctoria
b, Tintinnidium fluviatile
a, Tintinnopsis lacustris
a, Urotricha furcata
b, Unident. Scuticociliatidab
|
Flagellates | |
Yes (2.6–103) |
Chrysostephanospharea globulifera
a, Cryptomonas ovata
b, Dinobryon bavaricum
a, Dinobryon cylindricum
a,b, Monas spp.a, Monas-like cells
b, Ochromonas sp.a, Undetermined Choanoflagellatea, Unident. heterotrophsa
|
No |
Chrysidalis sp.b, Chrysococcus sp.b, Chrysomonadineb, Kathablepharis sp.b, Mallomonas sp.b, Pandorina morum
b, Peridinium volzii
b, Rhodomonas minuta
b, Synura sp.b, Undetermined choanoflagellateb, Unident. heterotrophsb
|
Rotifera | |
Yes (2.5–3,200) |
Anuraeopsis fissa
a,d,e, Brachionus angularis
e, Brachionus calyciflorus
f, Brachionus koreanus
s, Conochilus unicornis
b,d,e, Conochilus sp.a, Filinia longiseta
a,d,e, Filinia terminalis
f+, Gastropus sp.a, Hexarthra mira
b, Hexarthra sp.a, Kellicottia bostoniensis
a, Keratella cochlearis
d,e, Keratella cochlearis tecta
d, Keratella quadrata
e, Keratella spp.a, Lecane sp.e, Lepadella sp.e, Pompholyx complanata
d0.5, Pompholyx sulcata
e
|
No |
Anuraeopsis fissa
d6, Ascomorpha saltans
e, Asplanchna priodontata
b, Asplanchna sp.e, Collotheca spp.e, Conochilus unicornis
d6, Filinia longiseta
d6, Filinia terminalis
b,f, Kellicottia longispina
b, Keratella cochlearis
d6, Keratella cochlearis tecta
d6, Keratella quadrata
d, Polyarthra spp.a,b,e, Pompholyx complanata
d3–6, Synchaeta spp.b,e, Trichocerca pusilla
e, Trichocerca spp.a
|
Annelida | |
Yes (0–1) |
Lumbriculus variegatus
h,i
|
No | – |
Crustacea | |
Yes (1–28,000) |
Bosmina coregoni
d,e,g, Bosmina longirostris
a,b,d,e,f, Ceriodaphnia lacustris
a, Ceriodaphnia quadrangula
b,f, Chydorus sphaericus
d,e,f,g, Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi f, Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi (nauplii)
f, Daphnia cucullata
d,e,g, Daphnia galeata mendotae
f, Daphnia longispina
b, Daphnia magna
f,h1–10, Daphnia parvula
a, Diaphanosoma birgei
f, Diaphanosoma brachyurum
a,g, Diaptomus siciloides
f, Diaptomus siciloides (nauplii)f, Eubosmina coregoni
f, Eudiaptomus gracilis
b, Gammarus pulex
h, Holopedium amazonicum
a, Hyalella azteca
k, Notodromas monacha
i, Simocephalus vetulus
f
|
No |
Acanthocyclops robustus
b,e, Alona sp.e, Chydorus sphaericus
g19, Cyclops vicinus
b, Daphnia magna
h90, Diacyclops bicuspidatus
e, Diaptomus mississippiensis
a, Eudiaptomus gracilis
g, Mesocyclops edax
a, Mesocyclops leuckarti
e, naupliia,e, Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus
a
|
Insecta | |
Yes (0.05–15.6) |
Chironomus riparius
h
|
No | – |
Mollusca | |
Yes (0.16–104) |
Anodonta cygnea
w, Physella acuta
h, Potamopyrgus antipodarum
I, Sphaerium corneum
u1–10
|
No |
Sphaerium corneum
u90
|
Pisces | |
Yes |
Cathorops agassizii
n, Cathorops spixii
n, Eucinostomus melanopterus
o, Eugerres brasilianus
o, Diapterus rhombeus
o, Dorosoma cepedianum
q, Sciades herzbergii
n, Stellifer brasiliensis
m, Stellifer stellifer
m
|
No | – |
2.1.2 Vertebrates
2.2 The Role of Particle Size, Shape, and Taste
2.2.1 Size and Shape
2.2.2 Taste Discrimination
2.3 Conclusion
3 Effects on Freshwater Biota
Species and test duration | Material (g cm−3) | Size (μm) | Concentration | Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cladocera
| |||||
Daphnia magna, 96 h | PE (0.69), beads | 1–4 90–106 | 12.5–400 mg L−1
| 1 μm: LC50 57.43 mg L−1
100 μm: no effect | [34] |
Daphnia magna, 21 days | Primary MPs (1.3) Secondary MPs (PE; 1,0) Kaolin (2.6) | 1–5 2.6 ± 1.8 4.4 ± 1.1 | 102–105 P mL−1
| Primary MPs: no effect Secondary MPs: elevated mortality Kaolin: no effect | [35] |
Amphipoda
| |||||
Gammarus pulex, 48 days | PET, fragments | 10–150 | 0.4–4,000 P mL−1
| No effect on growth, behavior, metabolism | [31] |
Hyalella azteca, 10 and 42 days | PE (1.13), powder PP, fibers | PE: 10–27 PP: 20–75 | PE10: 0–100,000 P mL−1
PP10: 0–90 P mL−1
PE42: 0–20,000 P mL−1
| LC50 PE: 4.64 × 106 P mL−1
LC50 PP: 71.4 P mL−1
PE42: non-dose dependent effect on reproduction and growth | [18] |
Gastropoda
| |||||
Potamopyrgus antipodarum, 56 days | PA, PET, PC, PS, PVC; fragments | 4.64–602 | 0, 30, 70% MP mixture; dosing via agar slides (food) | No effects on morphology, reproduction, and development | [36] |
Osteichthyes
| |||||
Clarias gariepinus, 96 h | LDPE (0.91) fragments, +Phenanthrene (Phe) | >95% were <60 μm | MPs: 50 and 500 μg L−1
Phe: 10 and 100 μg L−1
| MPs affected DTC in the liver and gills, lowered blood HDL levels, decreased plasma globulin, increased albumin/globulin ratio, decreased transcription level of foxl2
No effect on plasma lipase, total and direct bilirubin, lactate, AST, ALT, ALP, γGT, LDL, triglycerides Significant interactions between MPs and Phe: DTC in gills, cholesterol, HDL, total protein, albumin, globulin, transcription of ftz-f1, GnRH, 11β-hsd2, glycogen storages | [37] |
Danio rerio, 21 days | PS, beads | 0.07, 5 | 20–2,000 μg L−1
| Inflammation and lipid accumulation in liver; oxidative stress (liver cells), metabolic alterations | [38] |
Oryzias latipes, 2 months | LDPE, fragments virgin-MPs vs. marine-MPs (pre-conditioned in a marina) | <500 | Dosing via food, ~8 ng plastic mL−1
| Signs of stress in the liver: glycogen depletion (74% marine-MP fishes, 46% virgin-MP fishes, 0% control), fatty vacuolation (47% marine-MP fishes, 29% virgin-MP fishes, 21% control), single cell necrosis (11% marine-MP fishes, 0% virgin-MP fishes and control) | [39] |
Pomatoschistus microps, 96 h | PE, beads +Pyrene | 1–5 | MP: 18.4–184 μg L−1
Pyrene: 20–200 μg L−1
| MPs delayed pyrene-induced mortality, reduced AChE activity, no effects on GST and LPO | [40] |