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1984 | Buch

Joint International Study for the Calibration of Traffic Conflicts Techniques Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

International Calibration Study of Traffic Conflict Techniques

herausgegeben von: Erik Asmussen

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Buchreihe : NATO ASI Series

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

The concept of traffic conflict was initiated in the Uni ted States in the 60s and raised a lot of interest in many countries : it was an opening towards the develop­ ment of a new tool for safety evaluation and the diagnosis of local safety pro­ blems. The need for such a tool was great, because of the many situations where accident data was either scarce, unsatisfactory or unavailable. Development of Traffic Conflict Techniques (TCT) started simultaneously in the 70s in several European count ries and new studies were also undertaken in the Uni ted States, Canada and Israel. The need for international cooperation was rapidly feIt, in order to exchange data, compare definitions and check progresses. An Association for International Cooperation on Traffic Conflict Techniques (ICTCT) was therefore created, grouping researchers and safety administrators, with the aim of promoting and organising exchange of information and common practical work. Three Traffic Conflict Techniques Workshops were organised, in Oslo (1977), Paris (1979) and Leidschendam (1982). A small scale international experiment of calibra­ tion of TCTs was also carried out in Rouen, France, in 1979, and five teams took part in it from France, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States; results of this first experiment were used as a basis for the present enterprise. To be acknowledged as a safety measuring tool, traffic conflict techniques had to be validated in relation to traditional safety indicators such as injury-accidents.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Introduction speech

Joint International Study for the Calibration of Traffic Conflicts Techniques
Introduction speech ICTCT Meeting Copenhagen, 25–27 May 1983 and Malmö, 30 May–10 June 1983
Abstract
Traffic unsafety can be regarded as the whole of existing and potential critical combinations of circumstances, incidents (conflicts) and accidents in traffic and the individual and social consequences (damages) caused by them. The main feature of incidents and accidents is that they are always preceded by a critical combination of circumstances in traffic. Such critical combination of circumstances for example in a situation can be described as a situation wherein, with unchanged traffic behaviour and/or unchanged traffic situation, the interaction between man, vehicle, road traffic and environment leads to accidents (see Figure 1).
Erik Asmussen

General papers on conflict technique development and application

Review of Traffic Conflict Technique Applications in Israel
Abstract
The traffic conflict technique (TCT) is widely believed to be a useful tool for objectively measuring accident potential at intersections and other hazardous locations [Williams 1981]. It can be used as a rapid evaluation tool for traffic engineering improvements and for learning about the possible contributory factors to accidents [Perkins and Harris 1968].
A. S. Hakkert
Conflict Observation in Theory and in Practice
Abstract
When speaking about the dangers of traffic, most of us think of accidents. In the Netherlands however there is a tendency towards a broader view of this safety concept. The traffic safety in this broader opinion is not only limited to accidents but also has to do with conflicts and feelings of fear.
V. A. Güttinger
Traffic Conflicts in Britain: The Past and The Future
Abstract
This paper will attempt to provide a brief overview of the traffic conflicts technique in Britain, to assess its past, and to consider how it might develop in the future. Another paper later in the proceedings will deal with the practical and the detailed aspects of the British technique; the present discussion is more a personal view from one who has only recently become directly involved in conflict work, but who has long been acquainted with its past. In the discussion three points will be made:
(i)
that real progress has been made in Britain on several fronts in the development of a conflicts technique;
 
(ii)
that as a result, a realistic view would be that the validity of conflicts has been satisfactorily established; and
 
(iii)
that future effects need to be directed to wider implementation of the technique and to more diagnostic applications.
 
G. B. Grayson
The Development and Usage of Traffic Conflict Technique on The Swedish National Road Network
Abstract
When measures were taken on sections of road within the Swedish national road network up until approximately the mid-1970’s, aspects concerning traffic safety were not of predominant concern. This meant that problems existing with respect to traffic safety were often attended to in connection with either the performance of larger investment projects (like bypasses), or in connection with less extensive improvement works (such as the easing of bends on curving roads). Traffic pass- ability, vehicle economy, employment etc. were also factors in addition to the traffic safety aspect constituting the grounds for the carrying out of such projects.
Mats-Ove Mattsson

Technical papers on conflict techniques

The Traffic Conflict Technique of The United States of America
Abstract
The traffic conflict technique (TCT) has been practiced in the United States for over 15 years. Traffic conflict observation began on a large scale in 1969 when the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) awarded contracts to three state highway agencies. Teams of observers were employed and the TCT was practiced on a regular basis. Other states also began applying the TCT. The TCT was being utilized to solve operational problems at intersections. There also was the belief that an intersection safety record could be determined without relying on historical accident records. However, because there was a lack of a proven, direct relationship between accidents and conflicts, the United States TCT has received less emphasis from highway administrators and is not being practiced on the large scale that it once was.
James Migletz, William D. Glauz
The British Traffic Conflict Technique
Abstract
In the United Kingdom, the majority of traffic accidents involving personal injury occur at road junctions, and ways of reducing these accidents are continually being sought. Attempts to discover common reasons for accidents at individual junctions using accident records alone have proved difficult as these records often contain unreliable or inadequate information. It was considered that the concept of nearaccidents or conflicts, which occur much more frequently than injury accidents, could potentially provide more information about the dangerous aspects of a junction in a relatively short time. They could also provide comparative before and after data for determining the effectiveness of any countermeasure introduced.
C. J. Baguley
Experience with Traffic Conflicts in Canada with Emphasis on “Post Encroachment Time” Techniques
Abstract
Following initial investigation of the G.M. (brakelight) conflict recording technique during 1972/73 in various Canadian cities, it was concluded that this procedure — while relatively easy to apply had some very fundamental conceptual drawbacks as an indicator of expected accident rate.
P. J. Cooper
The Finnish Traffic Conflict Technique
Abstract
The traffic conflict technique was introduced in Finnish traffic safety research by Roads and Waterways Administration in 1972. The technique was based on observing brakings on the major road at rural junctions. The first conflict studies at urban junctions were made by the Technical Research Centre of Finland in 1974. The collected conflict data was mainly used in developing a conflict simulation model.
Risto Kulmala
The Traffic Conflict Technique of The Federal Republic of Germany
Abstract
The observation of critical incidents in traffic as a measure of safety has a proved tradition in Germany. HERWIG et al. registered regular and irregular behavior of pedetrians and drivers at marked crosswalks in order to discover proposals for constructional corrections. In further investigations, drivers’ and cyclers’ violations of the right of way were recorded and wrong direction-indications were analysed to deduce rules of traffic guidance (HERWIG 1960, 1965). The observation-techniques used in these studies do not qualify for general application. The methods were not sufficiently standardized and the relation between observations and accidents were not investigated thoroughly.
Heiner Erke
The French Conflict Technique
Abstract
A first conflict technique was developped at ONSER from 1973 to 1977, when a training manual for observers was issued. Some reliability and validity studies were carried out in the following years. A French conflict team took part in the first international Calibration study in Rouen, 1979, the results of which were widely used in further developments of the technique.
N. Muhlrad, G. Dupre
The Swedish Traffic-Conflicts Technique
Abstract
Work with developing a traffic-conflicts technique started at our department in 1973 and a technique for operational use was specified in 1974. Since then the technique has been modified and is still under further development, but many of the bases are unchanged, such as the basic hypothesis which says that there is a distinct relation between conflicts with a certain degree of seriousness and accidents.
C. Hydén, L. Linderholm
Application of Traffic-Conflict Technique in Austria
Abstract
In Austria using traffic-conflict-technique we had two aims :
A)
To identify certain spots in the road-network, where the danger of accidents is high, before many accidents actually have happened.
 
B)
To describe drivers. The question is, if the number of conflicts in which a driver is involved on a certain route can be used as an index typical for the driver.
 
R. Risser, A. Schützenhöfer
The Use of Traffic-Behaviour-Studies in Denmark
Abstract
This paper does not deal with traffic conflict techniques, but rather studies of traffic-behaviour. In the following, three types of studies are revealed and compared with the corresponding statistical accident analysis.
Ulla Engel, Lars Thomsen
Registration and Analysis of Traffic Conflicts Based on Video
Abstract
During the last five years video-techniques for the unobtrusive observation and analysis of roaduser behaviour have been widely used. Especially for the evaluation of counter-measures or new road design elements the analysis of roaduser behaviour may be very helpful in understanding the functioning of the traffic process in relation with local characteristics. In this context our research is not restricted to the rare events like accidents and serious conflicts; also other behavioural aspects like speed, speed changes, path chosen, place of stopping, etc. are taken into consideration. After a short description of the method some applications with respect to interactions between roadusers will be discussed.
Richard van der Horst

Background paper for the international calibration study (Malmö, Mai 30th – June 10th)

Joint International Study for the Calibration of Traffic Conflict Techniques
Background paper ICTCT Meeting Copenhagen, 25–27 May 1983 and Malmö, 30 May–10 June 1983
Abstract
In order to see why so much effort is made to calibrate traffic conflicts techniques, it is necessary to understand the fundamental ideas behind the analysis of conflicts.
S. Oppe
International Calibration Study of Traffic Conflict Techniques
Malmo, 30 May – 10 June 1983 : General Design ICTCT Steering Committee
Abstract
Following discussions at the Copenhaguen preliminary meeting, agreement was reached on the detailed design of the calibration study and the data treatment procedure. These can be summarized as follows:
Erik Asmussen

Summary of discussions and conclusions

Copenhagen ICTCT Meeting, May 25th – 27th 1983: A Summary of Discussions and Conclusions
Abstract
Discussions took place after each presentation and a wide range of both theoretical and practical question were debated. These can be classified as follows:
Nicole Muhlrad

Closing remarks

Closing Remarks at the Preparatory Meeting for the Joint International Calibration Study of Traffic Conflict Techniques in Malmo 25–27 May 1983
Abstract
During the preparation of these closing remarks when Siem Oppe and Joop Kraay discussed to give me an overall impression of the first two days of this meeting, I suddenly got an association. The famous Einstein once said, and I quote not exactly: what we as scientists or researchers see or observe from the real world is depending on the characteristics of our measuring instruments. But these instruments are designed in correspondence with the “a priory” theories we have. So, what we finally observe from the real world is strongly depending on the knowledge we already have, the theories we have at our disposal.
Erik Asmussen
Abstracts
Abstract
This paper presents a brief description and overview of a number of TCT studies carried out in Israel by various researchers. First, a comparison between objective and subjective measures of traffic conflicts is described. Although some compatibility was achieved, overall agreement was not high. A second study described deals with a conflict study evaluation of flashing amber signal operation. Results of that study were encouraging and could warrant the conduct of a larger scale before-after experiment. Finally, a small operational application of TCT to a hazardous intersection is described. All studies were conducted at research organizations. The TCT in Israel cannot, as yet, be regarded in operational use.
A. S. Hakkert, V. A. Guttinger, G. B. Grayson, M. O. Mattson, J. Migletz, W. D. Glauz, C. J. Baguley, P. J. Cooper, R. Kulmala, H. Erke, N. Mühlrad, G. Dupre, C. Hyden, L. Linderholm, R. Risser, A. Schutzenhofer, R. Van Der Horst, U. Engel, L. Thomsen, S. Oppe
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
International Calibration Study of Traffic Conflict Techniques
herausgegeben von
Erik Asmussen
Copyright-Jahr
1984
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-642-82109-7
Print ISBN
978-3-642-82111-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82109-7