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1975 | Buch

Politics, Economics and Environment Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

International Economics of Pollution

verfasst von: Ingo Walter

Verlag: Macmillan Education UK

Buchreihe : Problems of Economic Integration

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
1. Politics, Economics and Environment
Abstract
Only a few years ago popular concern with the quality of the environment could be dismissed more or less out of hand by public officials charged with setting social priorities and charting the course of nations. Apart from a few fringe groups, pollution and ecology simply were not particularly important as political issues — certainly not as issues demanding an immediate public policy response and perhaps a fundamental reordering of national goals and priorities. But things have a way of changing — of creeping up on the man in the street and the government official alike — until the realisation suddenly strikes that a real crisis of rather substantial proportions is looming on the immediate horizon, demanding quick and decisive action.
Ingo Walter
2. Environmental Management and Economic Interdependence
Abstract
The question of environmental management has been characterised in the previous chapter as primarily a problem of public policy. No matter what the organisation of production, whether market-orientated or centrally-planned, there is no inherent mechanism that tends automatically to curb environmental damage resulting from production and consumption, and to bring about the internalisation of the attendant social costs. The necessary decisions have to be taken in a public-policy context — under existing environmental conditions and employing policy instruments considered most appropriate — with full knowledge of the relevant costs and benefits to society.
Ingo Walter
3. Environmental Control and International Trade: Competitive Effects
Abstract
In this and the following chapter, we shall endeavour to trace through the impact of environmental management on international trade. We will be concerned with the more immediate impact of environmental policies on costs of production, product prices, international competiveness, the terms of trade, and the balance of trade. Chapter 4 will deal with the implications of pollution control for more fundamental and long-range questions of economic structure and international comparative advantage.
Ingo Walter
4. Trade, Environment and Comparative Advantage
Abstract
Our discussion of the international aspects of environmental management has thus far focused exclusively on short-run competitive considerations, both in the aggregate and in terms of their differential impact on individual firms and industries. The emphasis was on pollution control as a disturbance to international competitive relationships, which tends to generate certain adjustment costs for the various economies involved and which promotes a reallocation of productive factors, both nationally and internationally.
Ingo Walter
5. Neutrality of Instruments: Pollution, Protection and Efficiency of Policy
Abstract
The impact of environmental management on international trade and the location of production, as outlined in Chapter 3 and 4, has been examined under the implicit assumption that the internalisation of environmental externalities and its impact on competitive relationships between nations proceeds without government interference. In other words, as processes and products are modified to meet collectively-established environmental norms, the costs are fundamentally reflected in product prices or factor returns, and the international competitive effects — both short and long term — are allowed to work themselves out via normal competitive relationships within the context of the market.
Ingo Walter
6. Environmental Management and Multinational Corporate Operations
Abstract
Discussions of the international economic implications of environmental management generally focus on the ‘nation’, which pursues certain environmental policies and programmes in accordance with collectively-determined social objectives, under particular environmental conditions, while other ‘nations’ either do the same or behave differently. This sets into motion international commercial and financial flows, which in turn influence the achievement of national economic and social goals including environmental balance. This abstract view of the nation as the principal actor or decision-maker contributes to analytical neatness in the discussion, and often enables us to discern the probable direction and magnitude of the economic adjustment and adaptation that will have to result. But it also glosses over the reality of thousands of decision-makers, producers and consumers, who react in different ways to policy stimuli — and who will, in the final analysis, determine the outcome.
Ingo Walter
7. Transfrontier Pollution
Abstract
One of the most perplexing issues concerning the international economic dimensions of environmental management has to do with transfrontier pollution (TFP), which is perhaps of more direct policy relevance and immediacy than some of the more indirect questions — such as trade implications — that we have already discussed in considerable detail. The latter arise from international differences in national pollution-control programmes. TFP relates to the direct impact of pollution caused by economic activities undertaken in one national state on the welfare of people living in another. It is a matter, therefore, of transboundary externalities which require negotiated settlement between governments.* As a problem of international conciliation, TFP as an issue is distinctly multidisciplinary in character, requiring the skills of lawyers and political scientists as well as economists and ecologists — as part of a ‘package’ of political and economic issues to be resolved in inter-government negotiations. Moreover, there may be considerable slippage between identification and definition of a TFP problem and its eventual resolution.
Ingo Walter
8. Trade, Environment and Economic Development
Abstract
One of the open questions arising out of the international economic dimensions of environmental management is its implications for the developing countries. These nations, encompassing two-thirds of the world’s population, are faced with a host of serious problems and conflicting policy priorities — over-population, hunger and malnutrition, unemployment and underemployment, illiteracy, rural—urban imbalance and chronic poverty — many of which can only be solved by economic growth in the conventional sense. They require the absorption of larger proportions of the labour force in productive employment and increased efficiency in the use of scarce productive resources. Hence, one would hardly be surprised if, within the social welfare function that faces them, ecological questions generally assume a subordinate role for policy planners in developing countries.
Ingo Walter
9. International Environmental Policy
Abstract
From the outset, one of the points emphasised in this book is that nations are substantially independent and sovereign in the shaping of environmental policies. Except where transfrontier pollution (TFP) is concerned, the achievement of environmental balance at the national level — involving a more or less unique set of trade-offs and instruments — is a matter for the national political decision process. The solutions can, will and probably should differ internationally, and we have been mainly concerned with identifying and outlining the international economic implications of such differences as may arise.
Ingo Walter
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
International Economics of Pollution
verfasst von
Ingo Walter
Copyright-Jahr
1975
Verlag
Macmillan Education UK
Electronic ISBN
978-1-349-15625-2
Print ISBN
978-0-333-19009-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15625-2