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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Introduction: The BRICS Global Order Between Transition and Coexistence

verfasst von : Malte Brosig

Erschienen in: The Role of BRICS in Large-Scale Armed Conflict

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This introductory chapter discusses the role of BRICS in the changing global order. BRICS is primarily understood as a foreign policy grouping with an ambitious reform agenda on global order issues with the aim to seek a more equitable recognition considering recent changes in the global power balance. BRICS favor a multi-polar order based on a conservative conceptualization of state sovereign emphasizing non-interference and uncompromised sovereignty. It is argued that how BRICS respond to armed conflict is constitutive for how the global security order is forming especially as institutional reforms in global governance institutions have been minimal until today. The chapter systematically explores summit declarations with regard to peace and security and presents an analysis of individual foreign policy positions and power capabilities of BRICS countries. It is providing the necessary background information for the following conceptual chapter. The two guiding research questions are: How do BRICS countries respond to large-scale armed conflict and how can we explain the choice for a particular response type?

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Nächstes Kapitel Theoretical Framework: Modeling BRICS Response to Armed Conflict

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Hurrell, Andrew (2006) “Hegemony, liberalism and global order: what space for would-be great powers?” International Affairs 82(1), p. 6.

For a bargaining approach see: Narlikar, Amrita (2013) “Introduction Negotiating the rise of new powers”, International Affairs 89(3), 561–576. A broader taxonomy is delivered by Destradi, Sandra (2010) “Regional powers and their strategies: empire, hegemony, and leadership” Review of International Studies 36, 903–930 or Prys, Miriam (2010) “Hegemony, domination, detachment: differences in regional powerhood.” International Studies Review 12:479–504.

Regarding convergence a number of studies have explored BRICS voting within the UN; among them are: Ferdinand, Peter (2014) “Rising powers at the UN: an analysis of the voting behaviour of brics in the General Assembly”, Third World Quarterly, 35(3), 376–391. Montenegro, Renan and Mesquita, Rafael (2017) “Leaders or Loners? How Do the BRICS Countries and their Regions Vote in the UN General Assembly” Brazilian Political Science Review 11 (2) 1–32.

Lipton, Merle (2017) “Are the BRICS reformers, revolutionaries, or counter-revolutionaries?” South African Journal of International Affairs, 24(1), 41–59.

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Thakur, Ramesh (2014) “How representative are BRICS?”, Third World Quarterly 35(10), p. 1814.

Nel, Philip (2010) “Redistribution and recognition: what emerging regional powers want” Review of International Studies 36, p. 963.

Ibid., p. 968.

Hurrell, Andrew (2018) “Beyond the BRICS: Power, Pluralism, and the Future of Global Order” Ethics and International Affairs 32 (1), p. 93. See also Stuenkel, Oliver (2015) Post-Western World How Emerging Powers are Remaking Global Order. Cambridge and Malden: Polity.

Viswanathan, H.H.S (2015) “Building a Fair World Order” in Tolaraya, Gregory (ed) VII BRICS Academic Forum. National Committee on BRICS Research, Moscow, pp. 23–24.

De Coning, Cedric, Mandrup, Thomas, Odgaard, Liselotte (eds) (2015) The BRICS and Coexistence: An Alternative Vision of World Order. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis, p. 3.

De Coning (2015) “BRICS and coexistence” in De Coning, Cedric, Mandrup, Thomas, Odgaard, Liselotte (eds) (2015) The BRICS and Coexistence: An Alternative Vision of World Order. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis, p. 47.

De Coning, Cedric, Mandrup, Thomas and Odgaard, Liselotte (2018), p. 18.

BRICS Goa Declaration 2012, para. 58.

BRICS Sanya Declaration 2011, para. 5–6.

Ibid., para. 9.

BRICS Delhi Declaration 2012, para. 21.

BRICS eThekwini Declaration 2013, para. 24–31.

BRICS Fortaleza Declaration, 2014, para. 3.

Ibid., para. 26.

Ibid., para. 27.

Ibid., para. 30.

Ibid., para 36.

Ibid., para 37.

BRICS Ufa Declaration 2015, para. 1.

Ibid., para 43.

Ibid., para. 36.

BRICS Goa Declaration 2016, para. 13.

Ibid., para. 59.

BRICS Xiamen Declaration 2017, para. 36.

Ibid., para. 48.

BRICS Johannesburg Declaration 2018, para. 5–7.

Ibid., para. 47.

Ibid., para. 49.

Ibid., para. 48.

Ibid., para. 52.

BRICS Academic Forum, Envisioning Inclusive Development Through a Socially Responsive Economy 28–31 May 2018, Johannesburg, Recommendations to the 10th BRICS Leaders’ Summit, Johannesburg, 2018, para. 19.

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Brosig, Malte (2015) Cooperative Peacekeeping in Africa Exploring Regime Complexity. London, New York: Routledge. See also Klingebiel, Stephan (2016) “Global Problem-Solving Approaches: The Crucial Role of China and the Group of Rising Powers” Rising Powers Quarterly 1(1) 33–41. Patrick, Stewart (2014) “The Unruled World: The Case for Good Enough Global Governance” Foreign Affairs January/February 2014.

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Troitskiy, Mikhail (2015) “BRICS Approaches to Security Multilateralism” ASPJ Africa & Francophonie, p. 77.

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Degaut, Macros (2017) “Brazil’s Military Modernization: Is a New Strategic Culture Emerging?” Rising Powers Quarterly, 2 (1), 271–297.

Destradi, Sandra (2017) “Reluctance in international politics: A conceptualization” European Journal of International Relations, 23(2), 315–340.

The Constitution of Brazil. Accessed 25 Sep. 2017. http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html

Kenkel, Kai Michael (2012) “Brazil and R2P: Does Taking Responsibility Mean Using Force?” Global Responsibility to Protect 4, p. 14.

Former Defense Minister Jobim cited from Degaut, Macros (2017) “Brazil’s Military Modernization: Is a New Strategic Culture Emerging?” Rising Powers Quarterly, 2 (1), p. 275.

Ibid., p. 276.

Ibid., p. 291.

Kenkel 2012, p. 28.

Stuenkel, Oliver (2019) “Bolsonaro’s 5 Key Foreign Policy Challenges in 2019” Americas Quarterly, 16 January 2019. https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/bolsonaros-5-key-foreign-policy-challenges-2019 accessed 22 Jan. 2019.

Cheng, Joseph (2015) “China’s Approach to BRICS,” Journal of Contemporary China, 24:92, p. 358.

Breslin, p. 623.

Sinkkonen, Elina (2018) “China-Russia Security Cooperation Geopolitical Signalling with Limits” FIIA Briefing Paper 231, p. 7.

Liu, Tiewa and Zhang. Haibin (2014) “Debates in China about the responsibility to protect as a developing international norm: a general assessment,” Conflict, Security & Development, 14:4, 403–427.

Hodzi, Obert (2019) The End of China’s Non-Intervention Policy in Africa. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

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UN DPKO website http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/ accessed 27 Sep. 2017.

In August 2017 it even deployed 2654 troops. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors accessed 27 May 2019.

Reuters: China formally opens first overseas military base in Djibouti. 1 Aug. 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-djibouti/china-formally-opens-first-overseas-military-base-in-djibouti-idUSKBN1AH3E3 Accessed 27 Sep. 2017.

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Mohan, Raja (2010) “Rising India: Partner in Shaping the Global Common?” The Washington Quarterly 33(3), p. 137.

Ibid., pp. 141–142.

Dasguptal, S 2016, “India, China agree on terrorism issue amid Azhar controversy”, The Times of India. Accessed 28 May 2018, from http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-China-agree-on-terrorism-issue-amid-Azhar-controversy/articleshow/54550860.cms

Destradi, Sandra (2017) “India’s Reluctant Approach to R2P: Lessons from Perilous Interventions” Global Responsibility to Protect 9(2) p. 233.

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Sridharan, Eswaran (2015) “Rising or Constrained Power?” in Malone, David et al. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 699–712.

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Ibid., para. 8b.

Ibid., para. 14a.

Ibid., Para. 16a.

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102

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103

Ibid., p. 24.

104

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105

Ibid., p. 6.

106

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107

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108

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109

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Titel: Introduction: The BRICS Global Order Between Transition and Coexistence
verfasst von: Malte Brosig
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Role of BRICS in Large-Scale Armed Conflict
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-18536-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-18537-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18537-4_1