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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Introduction

verfasst von : Florence Metz

Erschienen in: From Network Structure to Policy Design in Water Protection

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The introduction highlights the importance of the underlying research: to explore whether network structures are partially responsible for the variance of policy designs. In order to follow through on this research objective, the case of micropollutants policies is chosen, which constitutes an emerging issue of water protection. Section 1.1 details aquatic micropollutants as a political issue in more detail and highlights associated challenges for water protection policy. By analyzing micropollutants policies and their variation among countries located along the Rhine River, i.e., Switzerland, Germany, France, and the Netherlands, this book contributes to the understanding of how complex policy decisions are generally made today. The idea behind this research is to uncover the mechanisms behind policymaking in order to design more effective policies. Toward this goal, Sect. 1.2 outlines in more detail the value of adopting a network approach to policy design and points to existing research gaps. Sect. 1.3 then provides an overview of the structure of this book.

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Nächstes Kapitel Comparing Policy Designs in Water Protection: Micropollutants Policies in the Rhine River Riparian States

Mandate for the MIKRO project group of the ICPR, see: http://www.iksr.org/index.php?id=317&L=3 (last access 13.9.2015).

While in some single cases naturally occurring substances may impact water quality, the broader phenomenon of anthropogenic and synthetic pollution remains in the foreground of political regulation. In this book, the term micropollutants therefore refers to anthropogenic rather than naturally occurring pollution.

An alternative to measuring concentration levels in waters is to analyze the frequency and level of entry into the aquatic system of compounds.

To assess whether exposure levels are safe, researchers calculate the ratio of the predicted environmental concentration (PEC; based on statistical averages) to the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC; the level at which there are no negative consequences for the ecosystem). If PEC:PNEC ratios are greater than one, an environmental quality norm value is established, and the substance is proposed for inclusion in future monitoring (Schwarzenbach et al. 2006).

To overcome this monitoring issue, a few monitoring stations, e.g. Weil am Rhine, introduced screening methods, which search for all substances in waters, rather than only those that are known (Müller 2011).

Many micropollutants are also organic and/or polar, the latter being water soluble. Organic- or carbon-based compounds are generally persistent (or only degrade into harmful chemicals). They are prone to bioaccumulation because living tissue is also organic (Hollender et al. 2008).

More technically, one can define the reduction of pollutants in waters, for example, as the total emission reductions in relation to economic growth (Jänicke and Weidner 1995, p. 14).

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Titel: Introduction
verfasst von: Florence Metz
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: From Network Structure to Policy Design in Water Protection
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-55692-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-55693-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55693-2_1