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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Introduction

verfasst von : Andras Kemeny

Erschienen in: Autonomous Vehicles and Virtual Reality

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter introduces the notion of 3D images, which are now well known to the public through the animated films of Pixar, and also 3D vision, for which stereoscopic glasses are required when watching movies, such as James Cameron’s Avatar and its sequels. It also introduces various 3D visual conflicts, such as those between the human eye’s accommodation and binocular vision, and the importance of other cues for the correct visual perception of distances, such as motion parallax. This latter is provided, for example, by head-tracking devices that are used with 3D VR helmets. This chapter further aims to bring to the reader’s attention the combination of these visual cues and their coordination with other vestibular and kinesthetic perceptual cues, which contribute to cybersickness. A short description of driving simulation is provided, which allows 3D immersive technology to be linked to driving and its use for self-driving, an emerging technology that in 2022 led to the advent of commercially available autonomous vehicles. The technologies required for driving simulation, namely virtual reality and augmented reality, are not only used to validate and verify connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) systems but also integrated as onboard systems for in-vehicle infotainment and driver comfort. They may allow also for the avoidance of self-driving sickness, an already well-known symptom of car sickness experienced by automobile passengers. Finally, the following questions are also briefly examined: Why are autonomous vehicles only being proposed now, yet various large-scale experiments and demonstrations were presented all throughout the second half of the previous century, with hundreds of thousands of tested miles covered by automobile OEMs (e.g., Daimler) more than 30 years ago? Why is self-driving being proposed now? Is it for the sake of enhanced road safety and comfort, or is it a question of the advent of economically and technically mature technologies? Indeed, cameras, motion sensors, display, vision, and control systems, with the corresponding micro-electromechanical (MEM) systems, are also massively used in 3D immersion technology. All of these technologies are expected to foster the general use of autonomous vehicles and metaverses, with an overall social transformation of mobility and immersion, in a world controlled by big data and AI, thereby shaping our incoming future.

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Nächstes Kapitel Virtual and Augmented Reality
Fußnoten
1
Cline [2].
 
4
Microsoft’s HoloLens headsets are giving US Army testers nausea | Engadget, ‘Microsoft’s HoloLens headsets for the US Army have some teething troubles. Bloomberg and Insider say a recent unclassified report reveals the current Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS) iteration is creating problems for soldiers in tests. Some testers suffered nausea, headaches and eyestrain while using the augmented reality goggles.
 
5
https://​www.​oxfordreference.​com/​view/​10.​1093/​oi/​authority.​2011080309534917​7. The real has concrete existence, while the virtual does not, but it is no less real for that fact.
 
6
Penrose [3].
 
7
Sherman and Craig [4].
 
8
Milgram and Kishino [5].
 
9
Kemeny et al. [6].
 
10
Evaluating perception in driving simulation experiments. Kemeny and Panerai [7].
 
11
Kemeny et al. [6].
 
12
Tresilian et al. [8].
 
13
Gogel et al. [9].
 
14
The perceived size is expressed as the product of the perceived distance and the size (in radian) of the retinal image (visual angle). See Gilinsky [10].
 
15
Hirsch et al. [11].
 
16
Coello and Grealy [12].
 
17
Willemsen et al. [13].
 
20
Meta (from the Greek μετά [meta], meaning “after” or “beyond”), which is a prefix meaning “more comprehensive” or “transcending.” See https://​en.​wikipedia.​org/​wiki/​Meta#cite_​note-1.
 
24
ThinkReality A3 Smart Glasses | Lenovo CA.
 
25
Sivak [14].
 
26
OEM AD objectives of fatalities per hour between 10−7 and 10−8.
 
28
Wachenfeld and Winner [15].
 
30
Mole et al. [16].
 
31
Dogan et al. [17].
 
32
Eriksson et al. [18].
 
33
Johansson et al. [19].
 
35
Weihrauch et al. [20].
 
37
Gibson [21].
 
38
Noy [22].
 
39
Diels [23].
 
40
Golding [24].
 
41
Keshavarz et al. [25].
 
42
Reason and Brand [26].
 
43
Stoffregen and Riccio [27].
 
44
Treisman [28].
 
45
Reason and Brand [26].
 
46
A robotaxi is a self-driving taxi. Cruise LLC obtained for ex. a Driverless Deployment Permit, granted by the California Public Utilities Commission, in June 2022, for driverless rides in San Francisco, https://​getcruise.​com/​news/​blog/​2022/​were-going-commercial/​, and Baidu and Pony.ai received permits to deploy driverless robotaxis in the Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, https://​www.​autonews.​com/​china/​beijing-grants-new-robotaxi-permits.
 
47
Schmidt et al. [29].
 
48
Kemeny [30].
 
49
Coates et al. [31].
 
52
Riccio and Stoffregen [32].
 
53
Kemeny et al. [6].
 
54
Vienne et al. [33].
 
55
Yamaguchi [34].
 
56
Kemeny [7].
 
57
Strobl and Huesmann [35].
 
58
Sutherland [36].
 
59
Kemeny [37].
 
60
Nordmark et al. [38].
 
61
Drosdol et al. [39].
 
62
Schöner et al. [40].
 
63
Colombet et al. [41].
 
64
Kemeny and Panerai [7].
 
65
Kemeny [30].
 
66
Venrooij et al. [42], Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics—CyberMotion Simulator (CMS)—Driving Simulation Association (driving-simulation.org).
 
67
Perroud et al. [43].
 
68
Gibson [21].
 
69
Kemeny [44].
 
70
Barthou et al. [45].
 
71
Berthoz et al. [46].
 
72
Kemeny [30].
 
73
De Winkel et al. [47].
 
74
Dong and Stoffregen [48].
 
75
Colombet et al. [49].
 
76
Kennedy [50].
 
77
Kuiper et al. [51].
 
78
Kemeny and Panerai [7].
 
80
Othman [52].
 
83
Reid Hoffmann, co-founder of LinkedIn, said the following: “If you are not embarrassed by the first version of your product, you’ve launched too late.” https://​www.​linkedin.​com/​pulse/​youre-embarrassed-youve-launched-too-late-dante-michael-panella.
 
84
SAE International (30 April 2021). “Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles (SAE J3016)”: L1 driver in control using one steering or adaptive cruise control (ACC) driver-assistance system; L2 driver still in control, using both systems (hands off); L3 driver may not be in control (eyes off), the vehicle in conditional automation, with the expectation that the driver can take back control when requested; L4 has high automation, where the self-driving system can pull over by a guiding system (mind off); and L5 is full automation in all conditions.
 
85
Waymo CEO John Krafcik, who in 2019 said that “autonomy will always have constraints” (https://​www.​autoexpress.​co.​uk/​car-news/​105627/​autonomous-cars-will-never-exist-says-waymo-boss), left in 2021, Google Self-Driving Affiliate, considering that deploying the technology had proven harder than many technologists expected: https://​www.​wsj.​com/​articles/​waymo-ceo-john-krafcik-is-leaving-the-company-11617385836.
 
89
Merat et al. [54].
 
90
Dogan et al. [17].
 
91
Baumann et al. [55].
 
93
Yasuno et al. [56].
 
94
Kemeny [57].
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Introduction
verfasst von
Andras Kemeny
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Buch
Autonomous Vehicles and Virtual Reality

Print ISBN: 978-3-031-45262-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-45263-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2024

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45263-5_1

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