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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Issues and Trends in Project Finance for Public Infrastructure

verfasst von : Veronica Vecchi, Mark Hellowell, Francesca Casalini

Erschienen in: Structured Finance

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

In the last decades, many governments across the world have sought to use public private partnerships (PPP) as a means of attracting private capital to build economic and social infrastructure. Increasingly, PPPs have strong interest groups support, especially among a new range of investors, such as pension funds, life insurance companies and sovereign wealth funds; however, some policy instruments remain an indispensable element to attract these alternative risk-adverse long-term investors in the infrastructure sector. This chapter reviews the policy actions used by governments to enhance the viability of PPP contracts and shows how economic and financial equilibrium can be established. Crucial to the latter is the expected cost of the equity and the chapter outlines a range of approaches that can be used to estimate this.

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Fußnoten
1
The OECD estimates total infrastructure investment requirements until 2030 at approximately USD 82 trillion, i.e. USD 3 trillion a year (OECD 2006, 2007, 2012). There is also evidence that a large gap has emerged between actual investment and the amount required to keep pace with expected income growth and structural change. The World Economic Forum (2014), for example, has estimated the infrastructure ‘gap’ to be approximately USD 1 trillion per annum.
 
2
In the UK, DBFO is applied both to hospital and schools, where the core service remains under the competent public authorities responsibility, and to motorways and highways managed through a shadow toll system.
 
3
Information used to develop this section were drawn from the Deal Prospectus, available at http://​www.​iflr.​com/​pdfs/​A11prospectus.​pdf.
 
5
The effect of the Blume adjustment is to reduce the difference between the Beta and the market average (i.e. 1). Blume (1971) found that adjusting estimated Equity Betas toward unity improved their ability to forecast subsequent period stock returns. The most widely held explanation for this is that unusually low or high Betas are subject to measurement error. Blume adjustment is standard in the calculation of Equity Betas by regulators in respect of UK, US and Australian utilities in determining the appropriate rate of return to investors, and is recommended in the most prominent corporate finance textbooks (e.g. Brealey et al. 2013). Blume-adjusted Betas are available from most commercial databases, such as Bloomberg and the London Business School Risk Management Service. The formula is: Blume-adjusted Equity Beta = (0.67)* βOLS + (0.33) * 1.
 
6
In effect, reversing the process in which the sectoral Asset Betas were derived from the observable Equity Betas, thus: Equity Beta = Asset Beta × 1 + (1 − tax rate) × the amount of debt ÷ the amount of equity.
 
7
The exercise be also an illuminating one for policymakers. For, if it is the case that expected returns exceed corporate hurdle rates, this is strong evidence that the cost of equity estimates are inefficiently high. This may indicate a deficiency in the design of the procurement process and/or an unduly risk averse approach by senior debt providers, both of which may indicate the need for a regulatory response.
 
8
This study is based on a data set, which includes 2639 project finance contracts (accounting for 45% of project finance projects globally originated during a period from January 1983 to December 2008).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Issues and Trends in Project Finance for Public Infrastructure
verfasst von
Veronica Vecchi
Mark Hellowell
Francesca Casalini
Copyright-Jahr
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54124-2_6