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Erschienen in:
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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Italy

verfasst von : Gabriele Dono, Simone Severini, Davide Dell’Unto, Raffaele Cortignani

Erschienen in: Irrigation in the Mediterranean

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter analyzes the recent evolution and current situation of the Italian irrigation sector, which presents a remarkable dualism between the north and south of the country. After a brief review of the historical origins of irrigation, the chapter examines the role of the state in the regulation and promotion of irrigation in modern Italy since unification. The chapter describes collective irrigation institutions and analyzes the role of the public sector, highlighting the lack of an authority capable of mediating conflicts between the regions involved in water transfers. It also explores the turn toward demand-side management, through an analysis of legislative changes. The last section identifies the main actual and future challenges: the incapacity of current institutions to control groundwater overexploitation, increasing salinization, and the expected impacts of climatic change.

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Fußnoten
1
Water-dependent business was also favored by technological innovations, notably in the field of irrigation. A key invention was the “Edificio Magistrale Milanese” by the Engineer Giacomo Soldati in 1571, to measure the water diverted and define diversion rights and related payments. Another invention was the Cipolletti weir in 1886, for measuring and controlling the water flow of the channels, disseminated and still used in Italy and abroad, particularly in Latin America. The theoretical and experimental studies by De Marchi in the 1930s–1940s on the instruments for the determination of flow rates in channels, simple to construct and maintain, were widely used in the Italian networks of irrigation in the past 60 years.
 
2
Large reclamation projects in the Tyrrhenian coastal of Tuscany and Lazio were also prosecuted to enabling stable irrigation activity. The Act for the Agro Romano reclamation, 4642/1878, approved after proclaiming Rome as Capital and applied remediation to eradicate malaria and make marshes and wetlands suitable for agricultural use, becoming a model for remediation in first postwar period (Novello 2003).
 
3
The reclamation police is the surveillance activity on reclamation works, aimed at soil protection and hydraulic safety: it is an activity of prevention, paralleled with maintenance, to ensure the full functionality of the consortium works.
 
4
Yet, the Ministry of Public Works had to monitor who appropriated water, and in the Triveneto area, its competences were reorganized with the establishing of a decentralized ministerial body (Magistrato alle acque – Water Magistrate, Law No. 257 of 5 May 1907) responsible for the protection, safety, and management of the hydraulic system (Isenburg 1986; Massarutto 2008; Rainaldi 2010). The Water Magistrate was also responsible for the reclamation and decontamination of the Venice lagoon and for the port and lighthouses regime. In 1955 the Ministry of Public Works set up a similar body (Magistrato per il Po), after the catastrophic flood of 1954, to coordinate and unify the competences of the various local authorities.
 
5
CASMEZ was instituted by the sixth “De Gasperi” Government, with the Act n. 646, 10 August 1950.
 
6
The in-stream flow is the capacity of a water body that is able to ensure its natural ecological integrity, albeit with small populations, with particular reference to the protection of aquatic life.
 
7
In 2011 two referendums abrogated the possibility of assigning water management to a private Utility Company, to include in the water rates a return on capital invested by this company. In much of Italian territory, the effects of the referendums are not yet applied: in March 2014 only Naples had transferred the management of the SII to the municipality, and only the Lazio Region had issued an Act (Corriere della Sera, 20/03/2014).
 
8
Many Consortia have added the irrigation activity to the reclamation activity for which they were initially established; many others have been set up directly to carry out reclamation and irrigation activities together. For this reason, from here on we will refer to Consorzi di Bonifica e Irrigazione (Reclamation and Irrigation Consortia), instead of Consorzi di Bonifica (Reclamation Consortia), as previously done.
 
9
Section 3.4 and the following section will provide the extent of the Italian irrigated area as surveyed by ISTAT in the various Censuses of Agriculture. The latter includes the irrigation that is not managed by RIBs or other collective Agencies and is, therefore, larger than that reported in this table, albeit slightly.
 
10
Of 881 sources, 580 withdrawn from groundwater, 72% of wells in the South are in the Apulia region.
 
11
Analogous schemes apply to the contribution to the land reclamation service.
 
12
The Sardinian Water Authority calculates this cost of nonuse based on the percentage of the volume returned to the water bodies to the total amount of water managed, i.e., attributing to these return flows a proportional share of its total water costs.
 
13
ISTAT defines irrigable area as the maximum that could be irrigated during the year according to the potential of facilities and normal availability of water. Irrigated land is net of unproductive surfaces.
 
14
Given that the different Italian regions have different precipitation levels and irrigation requirements, the same crop can be classified in different classes in the different regions. For example, a crop that is always irrigated in a region of the South can be classified as irrigated only in some cases in a region of the North.
 
15
The interested reader can get additional information regarding, for example, the specific crops within the four categories in Severini et al. (2016).
 
16
In this regard, Dono et al. (2016) show that adaptation to CC could also exploit the effects of early maturation and CO2 fertilization on various crops, generating possible water savings. Additionally, Cortignani and Severini (2011) showed that a kind of environmental payment could help spread deficit irrigation techniques.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Italy
verfasst von
Gabriele Dono
Simone Severini
Davide Dell’Unto
Raffaele Cortignani
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Buch
Irrigation in the Mediterranean

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03696-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-03698-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03698-0_6