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Kapitel VII Einleitung und Anwendungsbereich des Humanitären Völkerrechts

verfasst von : Tassilo Singer

Erschienen in: Dehumanisierung der Kriegführung

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Zusammenfassung

Als Hauptteil der Analyse der Dehumanisierung der Kriegführung wird das humanitäre Völkerrecht untersucht. Dabei wird nach einer kurzen Einführung der Anwendungsbereich der Rechtsordnung erläutert und auf Anwendbarkeit und Offenheit für Mittel der Dehumanisierung der Kriegführung überprüft.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Kapitel VI Der Mensch im Völkerrecht – Rechtliche Einbindung des Menschen und seines Handelns im Völkerrecht

Nächstes Kapitel Kapitel VIII Waffenrecht Teil I – Rechtlicher Rahmen

O´Connell, Historical Development and Legal Basis in: Fleck, the Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, S. 14; siehe dazu auch: Meron, The Humanization of Humanitarian Law, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 94: 239, 2000, S. 240.

IGH, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1996, 226, paras. 74, 77, 78; De Preux, in: Sandoz/Swinarski/Zimmermann (Hrsg.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, S. 593, para. 1852.

Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, Zentrale Dienstvorschrift 15/2, Humanitäres Völkerrecht in bewaffneten Konflikten, Handbuch, Mai 2013, DSK AV230100262, S. 10, para. 104; Ipsen, Völkerrecht, S. 1187 f.

O´Connell, Historical Development and Legal Basis in: Fleck, the Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, S. 14.

Ipsen, Völkerrecht, S. 1188; De Preux, in: Sandoz/Swinarski/Zimmermann (Hrsg.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, S. 392 f., para. 1389.

IGH, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1996, 226, para. 77.

Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, Zentrale Dienstvorschrift 15/2, Humanitäres Völkerrecht in bewaffneten Konflikten, Handbuch, Mai 2013, DSK AV230100262, S. 10, paras. 103, 142.

Siehe für detailliertere Ausführungen zum Prinzip der militärischen Notwendigkeit: Kapitel X – Einsatzrecht.

Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, Zentrale Dienstvorschrift 15/2, Humanitäres Völkerrecht in bewaffneten Konflikten, Handbuch, Mai 2013, DSK AV230100262, S. 23, para. 141; siehe auch: Melzer, Targeted Killing in International Law, Oxford University Press, 2009, S. 278 ff.

Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, Zentrale Dienstvorschrift 15/2, Humanitäres Völkerrecht in bewaffneten Konflikten, Handbuch, Mai 2013, DSK AV230100262, S. 10, paras. 103, 142; Dinstein, The principle of proportionality, in: Searching for a ´principle of humanity´ in international humanitarian law, Larsen/Cooper/Nystuen (Hrsg.), Cambridge University Press 2013, S. 73; Meron, The Humanization of Humanitarian Law, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 94: 239, 2000, S. 243; De Preux, in: Sandoz/Swinarski/Zimmermann (Hrsg.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, S. 392 f., para. 1389.

Lieber Code, Prepared by Francis Lieber for President Lincoln, Issued on 24 April as Instruction for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field, Art. 22; Boothby, Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition 2016, S. 63; Detaillierter zur Entwicklung des Grundsatzes der Menschlichkeit im Humanitären Völkerrecht: Meron, The Humanization of Humanitarian Law, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 94: 239, 2000, S. 243.

Dinstein, The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, 2nd. Edition, 2010, S. 4 f.; Public Committee Against Torture in Israel et al v The Government of Israel et al, HCJ 769/02, Supreme Court, 11 December 2005, para. 22 f.

Vergleiche dazu Art. 51 Abs. 4 i.V.m. Art. 51 Abs. 5 lit. b ZP I; Ipsen, Völkerrecht, S. 1188 f.

De Preux, in: Sandoz/Swinarski/Zimmermann (Hrsg.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, S. 392 f., para. 1389.

Ipsen in Ipsen, Völkerrecht, S. 1215.

Kapitel XII - Auffangklauseln.

O´Connell, Historical Development and Legal Basis in: Fleck, the Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, S. 14.

O´Connell, Historical Development and Legal Basis in: Fleck, the Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, S. 38 f.

O´Connell, Historical Development and Legal Basis in: Fleck, the Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, S. 14.

St. Petersburg Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles under 400 Grammes Weight, 1868, Schindler/Toman, The Laws of Armed Conflicts, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988, S. 102, alternative Quelle: Laws of Armed Conflicts 91, 92, zitiert von: Dinstein, The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, 2nd. Edition, 2010, S. 5.

St. Petersburg Declaration (ibid.), zitiert von: Dinstein, The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, 2nd. Edition, 2010, S. 5.

ICRC Homepage, Building Respect for the Law, aufgerufen am 14.06.2018: https://www.icrc.org/en/what-we-do/building-respect-ihl; ICRC, How is the term „Armed Conflict“ defined in International Humanitarian Law?, ICRC Opinion Paper, March 2008, S. 1.

Siehe dazu: ICRC, Views of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on autonomous weapon system, Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) 11-15 April 2016, Geneva, 11 April 2016.

ICRC, Views of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on autonomous weapon system, 11. April 2016, Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) 11-15 April 2016, Geneva, S. 4.

S.o. Kapitel II; CCW, Advanced Report of the 2016 Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS), Submitted by the Chairpersons of the Informal Meeting of Experts, paras. 15, 33, 35, 38, aufgerufen am 14.06.2018: https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/DDC13B243BA863E6C1257FDB00380A88/$file/ReportLAWS_2016_AdvancedVersion.pdf.

CCW, Advanced Report of the 2016 Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS), Submitted by the Chairpersons of the Informal Meeting of Experts, para. 45, aufgerufen am 14.06.2018: https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/DDC13B243BA863E6C1257FDB00380A88/$file/ReportLAWS_2016_AdvancedVersion.pdf.

Siehe zur Aufteilung der Prüfung in direkten Wortlaut und implizite Beinhaltung bzw. “Umsetzung”: Kapitel V und Kapitel VI.

Boothby, Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition 2016, S. 253; Brollowski, Military Robots and the Principle of Humanity, in: Matthee/Toebes/Brus (eds.), Armed Conflict and International Law: In Search of the Human Face, Asser Press 2013, S. 55.; vergleiche dazu die Ausführungen des IGH zu Atomwaffen: IGH, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1996, 226, para. 52, 68 f., 74; siehe auch: Kapitel VIII und Kapitel XI.

Boothby, Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition 2016, S. 241 f. (Cyber Weapons), S. 247 ff., 252 (Autonomous Weapons and Weapon Systems); Meier, Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS): Conducting a comprehensive Weapons Review, Temple Int´L & Comp. L.J. 30.1.2016, S. 127; Bezüglich des Einsatzes von Robotern bzw. Roboterwaffen: Brollowski, Military Robots and the Principle of Humanity: Distorting the Human Face of the Law?. In: Armed Conflict and International Law: In Search of the Human Face, Matthee/Toebes/Brus (Hrsg.), Asser Press 2013, S. 55.

Vergleiche hierzu: IGH, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1996, 226, para. 52; De Preux, in: Sandoz/Swinarski/Zimmermann (Hrsg.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, S. 399, para. 1408.

De Preux, in: Sandoz/Swinarski/Zimmermann (Hrsg.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, S. 399, para. 1409.

Siehe Kapitel V.

Internationale Organisationen können Vertragspartei der Genfer Konventionen werden: Clapham, The Concept of International Armed Conflict, in: Clapham/Gaeta/Sassoli (Hrsg.), The 1949 Geneva Conventions A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, S. 8.

Clapham, The Concept of International Armed Conflict, in: Clapham/Gaeta/Sassoli (Hrsg.), The 1949 Geneva Conventions A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, S. 10; Dinstein, Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2014, S. 23 f.

Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmshurst, International Law and the Classification of Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012, 32-79, S. 34 f.

Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Elizabeth Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 39.

Clapham, The Concept of International Armed Conflict, in: Clapham/Gaeta/Sassoli (Hrsg.), The 1949 Geneva Conventions A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, S. 6.

Clapham, The Concept of International Armed Conflict, in: Clapham/Gaeta/Sassoli (Hrsg.), The 1949 Geneva Conventions A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, S. 6; Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Elizabeth Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 39.

Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 40.

Vergleiche hierzu die Aufzählung, welche vergangenen Situationen wohl als ein bewaffneter Konflikte einzuordnen waren und welche nicht: Clapham, The Concept of International Armed Conflict, in: Clapham/Gaeta/Sassoli (Hrsg.), The 1949 Geneva Conventions A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, S. 13 ff.; Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 40 f.

Clapham, The Concept of International Armed Conflict, in: Clapham/Gaeta/Sassoli (Hrsg.), The 1949 Geneva Conventions A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, S. 11 f.

ILA Committee, Final Report on the Meaning of Armed Conflict in International Law (2010), S. 2.

Bspw. unintendierte Gewalt: Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 41.

Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 41.

Clapham, The Concept of International Armed Conflict, in: Clapham/Gaeta/Sassoli (Hrsg.), The 1949 Geneva Conventions A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, S. 16 f.

Ein weiterer Bezug zu dieser Schwelle findet sich in Art. 8 (2) lit. d und lit. f Rom-Statut. Dinstein, Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2014, S. 21.

Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 41 f.

Clapham, The Concept of International Armed Conflict, in: Clapham/Gaeta/Sassoli (Hrsg.), The 1949 Geneva Conventions A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, S. 13 ff.

Siehe die Sammlung der Quellen bei: Clapham, The Concept of International Armed Conflict, in: Clapham/Gaeta/Sassoli (Hrsg.), The 1949 Geneva Conventions A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, S. 16.

Gasser, International Humanitarian Law, in: Haug (Hrsg.), Humanity for All: The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (Geneva: Henry Dunant Insitute, 1993) 491, S. 510 f.; Clapham, The Concept of International Armed Conflict, in: Clapham/Gaeta/Sassoli (Hrsg.), The 1949 Geneva Conventions A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, S. 12.

Vité, Typology of Armed Conflicts in International Humanitarian Law: Legal Concepts and Actual Situations, 91 IRRC 873 (2009) 69, S. 87 f.; ICRC, How is the Term “Armed Conflict” defined in International Humanitarian Law?, Opinion Paper, March 2008, S. 5.

Melzer, Targeted Killing in International Law, Oxford University Press, 2009, S. 251 f.

IGH, Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), ICJ Reports 1986, 14, para. 195; vergleiche dazu Kapitel V.

Auch wenn es derzeit teilweise Bestrebungen gibt, eine Abschaffung dieser Trennung zu fordern, hierzu exemplarisch: Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 37 ff. Im Ergebnis ist aber auch dieser Autor kritisch: Kreß, Some Reflections on the International Legal Framework Governing Transnational Armed Conflicts, 15 JCSL 243-274 (2010); Ablehnend: Dinstein, Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2014, S. 23 f.

Im Einzelfall ist eine klare Grenzziehung zwischen den Konflikttypen nicht immer einfach, vergleiche hierzu:

Public Committee Against Torture in Israel et al v The Government of Israel et al, HCJ 769/02, Supreme Court, 11 December 2005, para. 18 ff.; Generalbundesanwalt, 20.06.2013 – 3 BJs 7/12, Drohneneinsatz vom 4. Oktober 2010 in Mir Ali/Pakistan, S. 17 ff.

Vergleiche hierzu den Ratifikations-Status, aufgerufen am 27.02.2017: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/States.xsp?xp_viewStates = XPages_NORMStatesParties&xp_treatySelected = 475.

Public Committee Against Torture in Israel et al v The Government of Israel et al, HCJ 769/02, Supreme Court, 11 December 2005, para. 21.

Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Elizabeth Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 33, 35 f.; O´Connell, Historical Development and Legal Basis in: Fleck, the Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, S. 33; IGH, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1996, 226, paras. 75, 77 f.; vergleiche zu den völkergewohnheitsrechtlich akzeptierten Regeln im Kern: Henckaerts/Doswald-Beck, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules Study, ICRC, 2005, reprinted with corrections 2009.

Vergleiche zu den Unklarheiten hinsichtlich der Reichweite der anwendbaren Regeln: Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 35 f.

Vergleiche zum Prüfprogramm beim sog. „Legal Review”: International Committee of the Red Cross Geneva, A Guide to the Legal Review of New Weapons, Means and Methods of Warfare: Measures to Implement Article 36 of Additional Protocol I of 1977, January 2006, IRRC Vol. 88 Number 864, December 2006, S. 939; ICTY, Prosecutor v. Tadic, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction (Appeals Chamber), 2 October 1995, Case no. IT-94-1, paras. 119, 127.

Boothby, Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition 2016, S. 206 f.; vergleiche unter anderem den überarbeiteten Art. 1 CCW-Convention. Art. 1 (4) erstreckt die Anwendbarkeit der CCW und der dazugehörigen Protokolle auch auf nicht-internationale bewaffnete Konflikte und damit auch die Bindung der Vertragsparteien.

Boothby, Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition 2016, S. 342 f.; Schmitt (Hrsg.), Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyberwarfare, Cambridge University Press, 2013, S. 154.

Organisierte bewaffnete Gruppierung, im Folgenden abgekürzt als OAG (organized armed group).

Dinstein, Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2014, S. 20 ff., 37 ff.

ICTY, Prosecutor v. Boskoski, Trial Chamber Judgment, 10 July 2008, IT-04-82-T, para. 194 – 203; vergleichevergleiche hierzu auch: Bartels, The organizational requirement for the threshold of non-international armed conflict applied to the Syrian opposition, August 9, 2012, aufgerufen am 28.02.2017: https://armedgroups-internationallaw.org/2012/08/09/the-organisational-requirement-for-the-threshold-of-non-international-armed-conflict-applied-to-the-syrian-opposition/; vergleiche die Herangehensweise zur Bestimmung der Mitgliedschaft in einer OAG in der IKRK Studie: Melzer, Interpretative Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law, ICRC, May 2009, S. 31 ff.

ICTY, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Appeals Chamber Judgement, 15 July 1999, IT-94-1-A, para. 120; ICTY, Prosecutor v. Limaj, Trial Judgment, 30 November 2005, IT-03-66-T, para. 46, 94, 96 – 103, 110 f.; ICTY, Prosecutor v. Boskoski, Trial Chamber Judgment, 10 July 2008, IT-04-82-T, para. 194 – 199.

ICTY, Prosecutor v. Limaj, Trial Judgment, 30 November 2005, IT-03-66-T, para. 125 – 129; ICTY, Prosecutor v. Boskoski, Trial Chamber Judgment, 10 July 2008, IT-04-82-T, para. 203.

ICTY, Prosecutor v. Limaj, Trial Judgment, 30 November 2005, IT-03-66-T, para. 118 f, 121 f; ICTY, Prosecutor v. Boskoski, Trial Chamber Judgment, 10 July 2008, IT-04-82-T, para. 201.

ICTY, Prosecutor v. Limaj, Trial Judgment, 30 November 2005, IT-03-66-T, para. 95, 105 f, 108 f, 129, 158; ICTY, Prosecutor v. Boskoski, Trial Chamber Judgment, 10 July 2008, IT-04-82-T, para. 200.

ICTY, Prosecutor v. Limaj, Trial Judgment, 30 November 2005, IT-03-66-T, para. 110, 113 – 117, 119; ICTY, Prosecutor v. Boskoski, Trial Chamber Judgment, 10 July 2008, IT-04-82-T, para. 202.

Dinstein, Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2014, S. 38 f.

Dinstein, Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2014, S. 39 ff.; Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 50 ff.

Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 54 f.

Dinstein, Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2014, S. 50 ff.; Demgegenüber wird die Notwendigkeit eines tatsächlichen, dritten Kriterium diskutiert bei: Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 56.

Pilloud/De Preux in: Sandoz/Swinarski/Zimmermann (Hrsg.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, S. 617, para. 1936.

IGH, Wall Advisory Opinion, para. 95; Clapham, The Concept of International Armed Conflict, in: Clapham/Gaeta/Sassoli (Hrsg.), The 1949 Geneva Conventions A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, S. 6.

Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 42; Dinstein, Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2014, S. 24 ff.

ICTY, Prosecutor v. Tadic, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction (Appeals Chamber), 2 October 1995, Case no. IT-94-1, para. 70.

Kleffner, Scope of Application of International Humanitarian Law, in : Fleck, the Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, S. 65 ff., paras. 230 ff., 239 ff.; Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 42 f.

Siehe für eine detailliertere Darstellung: Dinstein, Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2014, S. 48 ff.

Kleffner, Scope of Application in International Humanitarian Law, in: Fleck, the Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, S. 60 f.; Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Wilmhurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, S. 42 f.

O´Connell, Historical Development and Legal Basis in: Fleck, the Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, S. 33; IGH, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1996, 226, paras. 75, 77 f.

Vergleiche hierzu die Lösung die der Israeli Supreme Court wählt: Public Committee Against Torture in Israel et al v The Government of Israel et al, HCJ 769/02, Supreme Court, 11 December 2005, para. 19, 21.

IGH, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, ICJ Reports 1996, 226, para. 78.

Siehe dazu: Ipsen, in: Ipsen, Völkerrecht (6. Auflage 2014), S. 1187 ff., 1193 ff., 1197.

Schmitt, Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations, Cambridge University Press, 2017, Rule 80, S. 375.

Vergleiche hierzu auch: Clapham, The Concept of International Armed Conflict, in: Clapham/Gaeta/Sassoli (Hrsg.), The 1949 Geneva Conventions A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, S. 12 f.

Siehe dazu im Detail unter Kapitel VIII und IX – Waffenrecht.

Für Autonome Waffensysteme bejaht: Kenneth Anderson/Andrew Waxman, Debating Autonomous Weapon Systems, their Ethics, and their Regulation under international law, in: R Brownsword, E Scotford, K Yeung (Hrsg.) The Oxford Handbook of Law, Regulation, and Technology, Oxford University Press 2017, Oxford, 1097-1117, S. 1103 f.

Lieber Code, Prepared by Francis Lieber for President Lincoln, Issued on 24 April as Instruction for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field

St. Petersburg Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles under 400 Grammes Weight, 1868, D. Schindler/J. Toman, The Laws of Armed Conflicts, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988, S. 102, alternative Quelle: Laws of Armed Conflicts 91, 92

Generalbundesanwalt, 20.06.2013 – 3 BJs 7/12, Drohneneinsatz vom 4. Oktober 2010 in Mir Ali/Pakistan

ICTY, Prosecutor v. Boskoski, Trial Chamber Judgment, 10 July 2008, IT-04-82-T

ICTY, Prosecutor v. Limaj, Trial Judgment, 30 November 2005, IT-03-66-T

ICTY, Prosecutor v. Tadic, Appeals Chamber Judgement, 15 July 1999, IT-94-1-A

ICTY, Prosecutor v. Tadic, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction (Appeals Chamber), 2 October 1995, Case no. IT-94-1, para. 70.

IGH, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, ICJ Reports 136, 2004, 43 ILM 1009, 1034-5 (2004)

IGH, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, IGH Reports 1996, 226

IGH, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), ICJ Reports 1986, 14

Public Committee Against Torture in Israel et al v The Government of Israel et al, HCJ 769/02, Supreme Court, 11 December 2005

Dapo Akande, Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts, in: Elizabeth Wilmshurst, International Law and the Classification of Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012, 32-79

Kenneth Anderson/Andrew Waxman, Debating Autonomous Weapon Systems, their Ethics, and their Regulation under international law, in: R Brownsword, E Scotford, K Yeung (Hrsg.) The Oxford Handbook of Law, Regulation, and Technology, Oxford University Press 2017, Oxford, 1097-1117

Rogier Bartels, The organizational requirement for the threshold of non-international armed conflict applied to the Syrian opposition, August 9, 2012, aufgerufen am 28.02.2017: https://armedgroups-internationallaw.org/2012/08/09/the-organisational-requirement-for-the-threshold-of-non-international-armed-conflict-applied-to-the-syrian-opposition/

William H. Boothby, Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition 2016

Hanna Brollowski, Military Robots and the Principle of Humanity, in: Marielle Matthee/Brigit Toebes/Marcel Brus (eds.), Armed Conflict and International Law: In Search of the Human Face, Asser Press 2013

Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, Zentrale Dienstvorschrift 15/2, Humanitäres Völkerrecht in bewaffneten Konflikten, Handbuch, Mai 2013, DSK AV230100262, S. 10, para. 104;

Andrew Clapham, The Concept of International Armed Conflict, in: Clapham/Gaeta/Sassoli (Hrsg.), The 1949 Geneva Conventions A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015

Yoram Dinstein, Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2014

Yoram Dinstein, The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, 2nd. Edition, 2010

Yoram Dinstein, The principle of proportionality, in: Searching for a ´principle of humanity´ in international humanitarian law, Larsen/Cooper/Nystuen (Hrsg.), Cambridge University Press 2013

Hans-Peter Gasser, International Humanitarian Law, in: H. Haug (Hrsg.), Humanity for All: The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (Geneva: Henry Dunant Insitute, 1993) 491

Jean-Marie Henckaerts/Luise Doswald-Beck, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules Study, ICRC, 2005, reprinted with corrections 2009

ICRC Geneva, A Guide to the Legal Review of New Weapons, Means and Methods of Warfare: Measures to Implement Article 36 of Additional Protocol I of 1977, January 2006, IRRC Vol. 88 Number 864, December 2006

ICRC Homepage, Building Respect for the Law, aufgerufen am 14.06.2018: https://www.icrc.org/en/what-we-do/building-respect-ihl

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Titel: Kapitel VII Einleitung und Anwendungsbereich des Humanitären Völkerrechts
verfasst von: Tassilo Singer
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Dehumanisierung der Kriegführung
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-57855-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-57856-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57856-8_7

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