Knowledge Transformation and Innovation in Global Society

As business globalizes, so does innovation. This paper first shows that the gravity center of global innovation has shifted from Europe and North America to Asia. In this paper, innovation is measured by the number of patents generated. The data used are mainly Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) patent application data stored by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). In terms of PCT patent application data, Asia Region accounted for the majority for the first time in 2018 and increased its share in the following year. Second, the paper points out the differences among Asian countries regarding the ownership of inventions created by local inventors. In some countries, PCT patents created by local inventors are mainly filed by domestic companies. In other countries, PCT patents created by local inventors are mainly filed by foreign companies. This difference is found to be associated with the levels of Research and Development (R&D) expenditure per Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Third, the paper highlights that Japanese companies do not perform well enough in using Asian inventors to create their PCT patents compared to the United States (US) companies and German companies.

Our paper using a survey conducted by the VEPR and the Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam (BIDV) with 1016 observations across 8 economic regions across the country in 2021, selected randomly based on individual customers. Since most household businesses are located in cities, the number of workers in these locations is also higher than in rural areas. There are numerous business areas, but they primarily deal in wholesale, retail, and repair of automobiles and motorcycles. Based on our analysis, the form of household business has an impact on household business performance, and informal business households earn less than those in the formal sector. More than 50% of surveyed household businesses believe that formal enterprises have more advantages than informal ones, while above 38% are afraid of transforming into businesses due to the cost and registration procedures. Although the firm’s size has a good impact on household revenue, overusing expansion base on a capital scale will result in a decline in efficiency. Therefore, sustainable growth of household business needs more innovation, technology change.

This study investigates the relationship between transformational leadership (TL; idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration) and innovation performance (InPe), as well as whether Industry 4.0 base technologies (In40; IoT, big data, cloud computing, and machine learning) moderate the relationship between TL and the InPe of small- and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in Vietnam. A total of 126 managers and supervisors working for Vietnamese SMEs participated in the survey that was used to obtain this data. The research result shows that four aspects of TL positively affect the InPe of Vietnamese SMEs. In addition, the link between TL and InPe of Vietnamese SMEs was controlled by In40, and there were differences in how In40 was used by transaction and national organizations. The findings will help Vietnamese small and medium enterprise (SME) managers and supervisors to employ different leadership styles to improve their organization’s innovative performance in the era of Industry 4.0. In addition, our research findings have significant theoretical and practical implications for increasing SEs’ InPe through the digitization of service companies.

Although innovation has been acknowledged as an essential driver of export growth, the empirical results on the linkage between innovation and export propensity are mixed. Using a dataset on innovation at the micro level, we are among the first to examine the effect of different innovation types, namely product, process, marketing, and organizational innovation, on the export likelihood of enterprises in the context of a developing country—Vietnam. The result reveals a positive relationship between export propensity and all innovation measures, which is supported by instrumental variable (IV) estimations and simultaneous equation systems. Further analysis on such relationship is also conducted across firm’s types of ownership and technology level for more detailed and thorough understandings. The paper confirms the importance of innovation in improving Vietnam’s exports, carrying significant implications for policymakers in developing countries.

Investment for trade development is the hot theme for the government, both in the central and local level, to be focused. The provincial government’s policy to encourage investment in trade development plays an important role in the process of local economic development. There are some determinants influencing the efficacy and efficiency of this issue, including legal framework and policies as well. This study is conducted to draw on the experiences of domestic and foreign localities on policies to encourage investment in trade development; thereby being an effective lesson for localities in promulgating and implementing this policy, including Nghe An province. Secondary data were collected relating the research topics. By employing at desk reviews, we synthesize the nature of the policy on encouraging investment in trade development of the provincial government; identify the objectives of this policy; analyze and clarify the contents of the policy such as policy principles, departmental policies; trade promotion support policies, policies to support access to land, policies to support the development of commercial infrastructure, policies to support human resource training, policies to support science and technology activities. We also evaluate factors influencing policy; research on the effectiveness, effectiveness, appropriateness and fairness of the policy; draw lessons from the study of experiences of some localities at home and abroad to serve as a basis for evaluating and proposing recommendations to improve policies in the process of implementing the commercial development goals of localities.

This research aims to explore the degree of sustainable development goals (SDGs) integration in Nepalese enterprises’ human resource management (HRM) systems. It is exploratory research that applies both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The research indicates that although some SDGs’ supporting activities are undergoing in enterprises, they are unaccounted for and not reported. Despite some of the enterprises’ activities having HRM practices to support SDGs 1, 2, 8, and 12, they do not cascade from top-level objectives, strategies, and planning. A holistic perspective of sustainable human resource management (SHRM) is required to mitigate future environmental, social, and economic challenges. Regarding the implications of the research, this research provides a number of trailing dots to enterprises and researchers that need to be filled by drawing a line. Since the concept of sustainability is understood just in the form of corporate social responsibility in Nepalese enterprises, the responses of the respondents were difficult to comprehend in the form of sustainability to solve the SDGs-related challenges. No research has been conducted in the past in the field of sustainable HRM in Nepalese enterprises. Therefore, an additional novelty that can be derived from this research could be beneficial for other low- and middle-income countries.

Vietnam is one of the countries that acknowledged the importance of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and the digital transformation process by having issued strategies and programs to support businesses and citizens, having invested in digital infrastructure, and has achieved success in some aspects. In Vietnam, the digital transformation process is taking active steps at a rapid pace under three pillars: digital government, digital economy and digital society. The Vietnamese government has set a target that by 2025, the digital economy will account for about 20% of GDP and over 30% of GDP by 2030. In 2045, Vietnam aims to become one of the leading Asia’s center for smart manufacturing and service, start-ups and innovation. This article focuses on digital transformation of government, enterprises and the involvement of citizens. The countries’ benchmark and time series of data provide a snapshot of what Vietnam has achieved and imply what needs to be done in the coming time to digitalize the economy.

Infrastructure such as roads, railways and electric power grids are a foundation for economic development, as well as improving people’s lives and contributing to poverty reduction. However, given the huge gaps in infrastructure and pressures on public expenditure, there is an expectation that public–private partnership (PPP) will narrow this gap globally. PPP as a mechanism for financing and procuring infrastructure by utilizing the private sector’s expertise is regarded as an innovative way to develop infrastructure. However, the COVID-19 pandemic created a serious crisis on a global scale. Although there is a growing expectation for PPP business in Asia, due to the tight fiscal space and deteriorated debt status of the most central governments in Asia, in response to COVID-19, the impacts of crisis on all stages of the project cycle of PPP projects and PPP business in general are noteworthy. The purpose of this paper is to consider the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on PPP and business opportunities and challenges in PPP infrastructure business in the postcrisis recovery period in Asia. The paper first outlines an overview of PPP infrastructure business in Asia and reviews the theoretical framework for PPP. Then, the paper argues that the impact of COVID-19 on PPP infrastructure business in Asia including opportunities and challenges during postcrisis recovery using cases such as the Philippines.

This study aims to assess the impact of the electronic tax system on tax compliance of Vietnamese small and medium enterprises. The research is based on the quantitative method with a sample of 286 Vietnamese small and medium enterprises. The study applies Cronbach’s Alpha as a tool for assessing the reliability of scales. Following is the exploratory factor analysis to explore the underlying structure of a set of observed variables. Finally, regression analysis is used to evaluate the impact of the independent variables on the dependent variable and to estimate the research model. The results indicate that the electronic tax system has a significant positive impact on the tax compliance of these enterprises. On that basis, the study proposes recommendations to both improve the electronic tax system and reinforce the tax compliance of Vietnamese small and medium enterprises including: (1) continuing to promote the reform of tax administrative procedures and increasing the application of technology in tax administration; (2) develop an e-tax communication and advocacy program; (3) strengthening tax inspection and examination by electronic methods; (4) adjusting the sanction as well as the level of penalties for tax violations; (5) focusing on setting and improving the tax policy system.

Collaboration and partnership with other entities in the start-up ecosystem can be a game-changer for a start-up’s success. It is not uncommon for start-ups to seek collaborations with leading industry players to increase their chances of innovation success, which is a crucial factor in their survival and growth in today’s competitive market. Through partnerships, start-ups can increase their value proposition, save costs, and utilize available resources, including funding, mentorship, and expertise. This research provides valuable insights and implications for Vietnam start-up founders considering adopting innovation cooperation strategies. In particular, this study focuses on product innovation as the dependent variable and examines the effects of innovation cooperation and internal R&D intensity on the product innovation of Vietnam start-ups. The empirical results suggest that investing in internal R&D alone may not be enough to guarantee success in product innovation. However, the study finds a robust positive effect of innovation cooperation, measured by co-patent cooperation in R&D and manufacturing, on product innovation.

Cambodia introduced Bakong as the world’s first Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in October 2020. Bakong is issued by the National Bank of Cambodia and supports both the Cambodian riel (KHR) and US dollar (USD). In this Least Developed Country (LDC), the USD has a much wider circulation than the KHR, but the presence of the local currency has been rising since the CBDC was released. Although Bakong is the first CBDC in the world, there has been little research on its current situation and the challenges it faces. This research first examines how Cambodia’s unique communication infrastructure contributed to the successful launch of Bakong. It then presents an overview of and the issues surrounding the digital currency. Bakong was adopted smoothly fueled by the high penetration rate of mobile phones in the country. Also, as an LDC, Cambodia benefitted from a “leapfrog phenomenon,” in which it could adopt new technologies without facing obstacles related to existing ones. Meanwhile, operating Bakong also has its challenges. In particular, the USD is generally used for settlements of international trade and acceptance of foreign direct investment (FDI). Unless the KHR gains global confidence and maintains a stable exchange rate, it will not be able to replace the USD in such transactions. Therefore, even if Bakong contributes to the wider use of the riel within Cambodia, the dollar will most likely prevail unless the domestic economy continues to grow rapidly.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influence the success of innovative tourism enterprises. The twelve indicators were divided into four categories: Businessmen’s characteristics, market characteristics, organizational characteristics, and environment. Fourteen experts were invited to participate in the survey; by combining two methodologies, FAHP and fuzzy logic, the results indicate that the following are the most important factors that contribute to the success of tourism startups: The first ranking belongs to the businessmen characteristic. The second is market characteristics. The third position is occupied by organizational characteristics, and the fourth is by environment. In addition, the highest priority indicators include experience in the tourism industry, startup locations, government support, and consumer demand. Eight conclusions regarding innovative tourism startup models were derived from analyzing eighteen fuzzy graphs and validated by 150 entrepreneurs.

Open innovation is a non-traditional approach to innovation wherein firms incorporate external ideas and technologies into their innovation management process rather than rely solely on their own internal knowledge and resources. In the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the open innovation method, compared to the conventional one, appears to be more appropriate as it could assist enterprises successfully enhance the product quality and quickly bring new products to market. However, while an open approach to innovation could offer numerous potentials for advancement, it seems to be difficult for firms, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, to adopt. This study aims to present open innovation models mostly adopted in practice and provide implications for fostering open innovation in Hanoi-based enterprises in the coming time.

The goal of this article is to learn about Vietnam’s innovation capability by utilizing data from the Global Innovation Index (GII). The authors attempt to obtain an overview of Vietnam’s innovation capacity from 2011 to 2022. A comparative analysis of the Global Innovative Index among Vietnam and other Asia–Pacific nations was conducted in order to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses through descriptive data and then analyze the growth of Vietnam’s innovation capabilities. Following that, the authors propose various strategies to enhance Vietnam’s ranking and score in the future. Some of the strategies will be mentioned in the article such as strengthening public governance for innovation systems (institutions), building human resources for innovation (human capital and research), and enhancing the contributions of state universities and research institutes (infrastructure).

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in digital banking adoption, as customers seek to reduce physical contact and minimize the risk of infection. However, the pandemic has also led to significant psychological distress among the population, which may affect their willingness to adopt digital banking services. This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of COVID-19-related psychological distress on the digital banking adoption behaviour of customers in the Vietnamese banking sector. A survey was conducted among a sample of Vietnamese banking customers, and the data was analysed using structural equation modelling. The results suggest that COVID-19-related psychological distress negatively moderates the relationship between digital banking adoption behaviour and its determinants, such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and trust. This implies that the psychological impact of the pandemic should be considered by banks and policymakers when promoting digital banking services. The study provides important insights for Vietnamese banks on how to increase digital banking adoption among customers during and after the pandemic.

Mongolia is a developing country striving to diversify its economy due to its heavy reliance on mining sector. Since tax environment is critical for business and the economy, Mongolia’s Government has recently implemented radical reforms to taxation. This study examines tax reform and its impact on the economy and focuses on the main indicators of the tax environment in support of business and tax policy in Mongolia’s case in specific. A multi-stage random sample procedure was used in addition to statistical analysis, comparison, multi-factor regression analysis, and correlation analysis. Based on the results of the study provided by corporations on the overall tax environment, Mongolia has an “average” or “below average” tax environment. The tax environment in rural area is more challenging than in the capital city. Thus, it is necessary to pay more attention to encouraging regional development and creating a just and equitable tax environment. Businesses prefer an appealing business environment by minimizing taxes and tax rates; lowering tax burdens; and taking advantage of tax credits, exemptions, and subsidies via suitable regulations, as well as developing an equitable environment to pay fair taxes.

E-commerce is booming with incredible speed globally and in Vietnam's domestic market. Among all sectors of e-commerce, FMCG has the most share and highest retail rate. To foster the growth of e-commerce and online retail of FMCG, a study on customer purchase intention is critical for both online sellers of FMCG and e-commerce platforms. At the same time, regarding purchase intention, the perception of customers plays a vital role as it can indirectly affect customers' purchasing behaviour through their attitude. A purchase intention, attitude, and customer perception model is constructed based on behavioural models, including TRA, TPB, and TAM. The studied factors are Perceived usefulness, Perceived ease of use, Perceived risk, Perceived trust, attitude, and Purchase intention. A survey conducted on 219 customers of e-commerce in Vietnam confirms the impact of customer perception factors on consumer attitude towards online purchasing and their purchase intention of FMCG through e-commerce platforms. According to the regression analysis of the obtained data, it can be concluded that three independent factors positively impact attitudes towards online purchases of FMCG. One out of five independent factors—Perceived risk negatively impacts attitude, indirectly affecting Purchase Intention.

The article applied the quantitative method to measure the factors affecting the intention to purchase recycled fashion accessories of university students in Vietnam. After an analytical process through SmartPLS 3.3.3 software, 254 meaningful responses were conducted. The research results from the estimation model and structural equation model (SmartPLS-SEM) have indicated four factors that impact directly the intention of buying recycled fashion accessories including attitude, personal identity, perceived financial risk, and perceived quality risk. In particular, attitude is affected by 4 elements: environmental concern, uniqueness value, perceived hygiene risk, and perceived aesthetic risk. From there, the authors made strategic recommendations for both entrepreneurs in the field of recycled fashion accessories and environmental organizations in terms of promoting recycled accessories, increasing purchase intention of these items, and encouraging care for the environment through recycling.

Supply chain resilience reflects how companies embedded in supply chain respond collaboratively to environmental changes. It has been acknowledged as one key ability that can help companies navigating and surviving in turbulent environment. Although some companies began to follow effectuation and respond to unforeseen events through improvisational learning, there are differences in the learning ability in terms of emergency knowledge among individual enterprises. This variations in improvisational learning ability leads to the original knowledge sharing mechanism among companies showing poor information flow and in-time sharing. The difunctional knowledge sharing mechanism reduces the resilience of the supply chain. Moreover, due to information asymmetry, improvised learning behaviors of supply chain enterprises has cross-organizational characteristics. Yet how this special learning practice affects the overall resilience of the supply chain is less explored. In order to analyze how improvisational learning across companies improve supply chain resilience in total, this study constructed a theoretical model from an improvisational learning perspective by reviewing and analyzing papers. The paper first gives a definition of cross-organizational improvisational learning in supply chain companies. Then, the paper follows the analytical logic of “condition-interactive strategy-outcome” to construct a mechanism model of how firms can improve supply chain resilience in total through cross-organizational improvisational learning.

This paper argues that with the globalization of markets and businesses, the technological knowledge creation system has shifted from a national system to a global one. Furthermore, IT multinationals are increasingly becoming research and development (R&D)-oriented in the age of a knowledge-intensive society. As sources of knowledge become readily available to IT multinationals, particularly in the digital economy, their R&D activities have become globalized—rather than internationalized—and network-oriented from the perspective of R&D human resources, among others. We undertake comparative patent analysis of two US-based IT MNEs, Google LLC, which holds outstanding R&D capabilities in the IT field, and IBM Corporation, which has maintained an excellent position in the US patent ranking for almost 30 years. Thereby, the study reveals the global knowledge creation system from the perspective of nationalities of R&D human resources, and elucidates the difference in main targeted R&D areas, based on the bibliometric analysis of both companies, mainly focusing on Google LLC. Findings indicate that R&D capabilities of these two US IT multinationals have been strengthened by globalized R&D activities, showing the differences and similarities in terms of the globalization of R&D human resources and their Asian positions.

Collaboration between universities and industries (UIC) becomes a popular trend in the world today and is understood as interactions and transactions between higher education institutions and businesses to bring benefits to the parties. The collaboration is also considered as cooperation between academic and business production fields. It has positive impacts on training, research and development (R&D) activities in both universities and industries, at the same time brings great benefits to businesses when receiving knowledge, initiatives, and especially high-quality human resources. In Vietnam in the past time, this collaboration has not been fully cared about and implemented appropriately by the stakeholders. Meanwhile, UIC is considered as the socio-economic development policy of a country. This paper will review the forms and models of collaboration between universities and industries, analyze the current situation of UIC in Vietnam, and then recommend policy implications to promote this collaboration, increase the operational efficiency of higher education institutions in Vietnam, and contribute to general socio-economic development. The research is based on the desk-study method with available working papers, and survey results issued by the Ministry of Education and Training.

The concepts and rules related to corporate sustainable water management are undergoing the process of proposal, development, and gradual improvement; meanwhile, the establishment of these rules is closely associated with international organisations, which play complex roles while participating in various associations. While reviewing the background and current situation of corporate sustainable water management, this paper identifies the current leading international water-related organisations, specifically those participating in the development of rules for corporate sustainable water management. The paper also discusses the situations of the organisations which participate in the construction of water management rules, finally considering and summarising the establishment of international rules for corporate sustainable water management, and the relationships and trends of international organisations in this context.

Despite the fact that many managers and researchers have discussed the idea on organizational intelligence and subject its impact on an organization's efficiency; however, there has been relatively little analysis of the literature on the subjects. This study aims to describe facilitative relationship between organizational intelligence and an organization’s effectiveness as well as generalize the definitions of organizational intelligence. In other words, this study will highlight some of the elements that support the notion that organizational intelligence contributes to increase organizational effectiveness. Additionally, this article will also offer managerial recommendations for improving an organization's capacity for learning and adapting, hence increasing organizational intelligence. The paper concludes with a critique of previous studies and directions for future research.

The influx of population into cities is a global trend, and as a result, cities face a variety of challenges. This means problems such as deteriorating public safety, chronic traffic congestion, increased carbon dioxide emissions, and lack of community. Smart cities are next-generation cities that take on these challenges through the use of ICT and aim to be sustainable cities. These construction projects are currently underway in many parts of the world. This paper focuses on a smart city project being promoted by Panasonic, a major Japanese electronics manufacturer, analyzes the actual situation of co-creation by participating companies from various industries, and presents an original model of the knowledge creation process through co-creation. This model represents the knowledge creation process in seven stages: exploration, fluctuation, synchronization, concentration and distribution, fusion, trajectory, and convergence. Furthermore, this paper shows that for such a knowledge creation process to function, it is important that the institutional design of the co-creation between companies in different industries entails it implicit relationships.

This study assesses the impact of the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) on Vietnam’s agricultural exports to the EU market in the period 2018–2022. The estimated results from the gravity model show that the EVFTA has a significant impact on the export of cashew nuts, pepper and rice while having a negligible effect on that of vegetables, fruits, coffee and tea. In addition, the authors also found empirical evidence that the export to the EU market is negatively affected by GDP, tax rates and COVID-19 and positively affected by population, exchange rate and geographical distance. These findings suggest policy implications to exploit the Agreement’s incentives, thereby boosting the export of Vietnamese agricultural products to the EU market.

This work explores the influence of the knowledge creation process (SECI) on employee creativity in Vietnamese commercial banks. This study surveyed 412 employees working in 17 Vietnamese commercial banks. The results revealed that socialization, combination, and internalization modes affected employee creativity. Moreover, internalization had the most substantial influence on employee creativity. Unexpectedly, externalization did not impact employee creativity. These findings provide several practical implications for Vietnamese commercial banks.

In the context of business, ethics encompasses the behavior, values, norms, and attitudes of all members within an organization and its stakeholders. Etiquette is closely linked to ethics and is influenced by national culture, social norms, and traditions within the business environment. This research examines the dynamics of business ethics and etiquette in Mongolia. To conduct this research, the same methodology used in a previous study conducted a comprehensive review of research studies on business ethics and etiquette in the context of China, identifying sixteen characteristics of business ethics and one hundred sixty-one characteristics of business etiquette. While both countries acknowledge the importance of ethics in business relationships, there are notable variations in their prioritization and perception. The findings of this study highlight the influence of cultural nuances on business practices in each country. Moreover, the study underscores the significance of understanding and adapting to the specific ethical and etiquette expectations within each cultural context for successful business engagements. These insights contribute to cross-cultural business understanding and offer valuable guidance to organizations operating in both Mongolia and China.

Knowledge transfer and knowledge management at universities to solve practical problems have increasingly been confirmed as one of the main factors creating the development of universities in particular and the country in general. The main objective of this study is to collect, build and synthesize a systematic and complete literature review on current issues related to the field of knowledge management and knowledge management models in the field of knowledge management in universities. Based on the results in the process of reviewing the literature in a descriptive and inductive approach, the authors have mentioned to identify major challenging issues to discuss in the field of knowledge management in universities. By building a correlation matrix, the study has classified into three groups of factors with the order of occurrence from high to low. The first group of factors includes five components: Knowledge sharing, knowledge acquisition, knowledge evaluation, knowledge use and knowledge storage. The second group belongs to knowledge management leadership and knowledge creation, and Group 3 includes methods of knowledge management, big data and motivation for scientific research. This study focuses on discussion, conclusions, limitations and suggestions for further clarification of the problem for further studies.

Understanding job performance and its influencing factors is of great essence in any companies as it can help business owners to realize existing problems and find suitable solutions. The study is conducted with the purpose of analyzing the current job performance at SMEs in Vietnam and its potential determinants. Based on the original ideas of Fachrunnisa et al. (2014) and Koopmans et al. (2014), a structural equational model of estimation was developed exclusively to fit the context of Vietnamese SMEs. Using the survey data of 2154 staffs working in local SMEs, the study found evidence to conclude the mediating effects of job engagement and job satisfaction on the overall performance of staffs in Vietnamese SMEs. Taking industry as a control variable, the results strongly confirm an exploratory empirical findings on the indirect impact of payment, opportunities for promotion, nature of job, colleagues, and supervisors on job performance of employees in Vietnamese SMEs. Even though job engagement presented a weak-mediating effect, the job satisfaction shows a consistent and solid mediating effect in this case.

In the past five years, Vietnam’s seafood has had robust development, which has created leverage for the country’s economy, especially fishing, raising, processing, and exporting pangasius. ASEAN is one of the markets that accounts for a large proportion of Vietnam’s total pangasius exports and is tending to increase the export value of this product. The free trade agreements (FTAs) not only create opportunity but will also be an even greater challenge for Vietnam’s pangasius industry soon since the complex international standards related to pangasius products. This chapter used a gravity model to estimate the impact of the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) on Vietnam’s pangasius export to ASEAN markets. The result shows that ATIGA positively impacts on pangasius exports to major ASEAN markets such as Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore. Based on the quantitative and qualitative results, the paper gives out some policy implications for enhancing Vietnam’s pangasius export to the ASEAN market in the future.

This chapter, part of the “Immigrant technology startups in Japan” project, explores government support for foreign entrepreneurs entering Japan’s startup ecosystem. Moreover, it focuses on transnational entrepreneurship’s role through the lens of supporting organizations, using qualitative methods based on interviews and information from one-stop support centers in Tokyo, Kyoto, and Fukuoka, Japan. The research also incorporates secondary data from reputable sources such as METI, JETRO, and global entrepreneurship reports. Findings reveal Japan’s position in the global ecosystem, diverse support strategies by local-level organizations under a universal policy, and the advantages and adaptability of immigrant entrepreneurs within this context. Several implications emerge from this research: (1) Despite contrasting with the blueprint model of Silicon Valley, the multi-scalar government-led ecosystem is functioning well in Japan due to its embeddedness in Japan’s unique background. (2) The balance of power between the central government and local governments may change in accordance with social and economic development. (3) More private initiatives should be expected in the future. (4) The coexistence of different cultures should be the most important factor in supporting foreign startups.