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Erschienen in:

2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Labor Standards

verfasst von : Alek Felstiner

Erschienen in: Handbook of Human Computation

Verlag: Springer New York

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Abstract

Many forms of human computation require an investment of labor on the part of humans. Where does human computation intersect with traditional notions of employment? What labor standards ought to apply? This chapter explores how existing employment law regimes might operate in this relatively new context. First it attempts to distinguish between “work” and “non-work” forms of human computation, for purposes of determining when labor standards are even relevant. The next section examines various regulatory obstacles and unsettled legal questions likely to arise in online distributed work platforms, including jurisdiction, coverage, and compensation. The following section describes several voluntary measures employers could (but are not legally required to) take to establish a threshold level of fairness, transparency, and dignity in the work. The last section identifies vital opportunities created by human computational work, as a guide for stakeholders and regulatory authorities.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Introduction to Security and Policy Section

Nächstes Kapitel Exploitation in Human Computation Systems

Szpir M (2002) Clickworkers on Mars. Am Sci 90(3):226.

See Galante J (2010, June 17) Crowdflower’s virtual pay for digital purchases. Bloomberg Businessweek Magazine. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_26/b4184041335224.htm. Accessed 31 May 2013; Kit Eaton (2009) Gambit lets you be a mechanical Turk for social game credits. Fast Company. http://www.fastcompany.com/blog/kit-eaton/technomix/gambit-lets-you-be-mechanical-turk-social-game-credits. Accessed 31 May 2013. See also Felstiner A (2012) Regulating in-game work. J Internet Law 16(2):3.

See Council Directive 89/391/EEC, June 12, 1989 (“On the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work”); Council Directive 2003/88/EC, Nov. 4, 2003 (“Working Time”).

See Council Directive 96/71/EC, Dec. 16, 1996 (“Posted Workers”).

For example, U.S. minimum wage law unhelpfully defines “employee” as “any individual employed by an employer,” and defines “employ” as “to suffer or permit to work.” 29 U.S.C. §§ 203(e)(1), 203(g). Under U.K. law, employees are workers who have an express or implied contract of employment.

See HM Revenue and Customs (2013) Work out if you’re employed or self-employed. http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/working/intro/empstatus.htm. Accessed 31 May 2013.

U.S. Dept. of Labor, Wage and Hour Standards Division (2009) Fact Sheet #13: Employment relationship under the Fair Labor Standards Act. http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs13.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2013.

Pontin J (2007, Mar. 25) Artificial intelligence, with help from the humans. New York Times, p. 35; Felstiner A (2011) Working the crowd: employment and labor law in the Crowdsourcing industry. Berkeley J Employment Labor Law 32:143.

Felstiner A (2011) at 174–76; Felstiner A (2012) at 11–12.

See U.S. Dept. of Labor (2009) Employment law guide: minimum wage and overtime pay. http://www.dol.gov/compliance/guide/minwage.htm. Accessed 31 May 2013; 29 C.F.R. § 778.111.

Eldon E (2011, Dec. 7) US Virtual Goods Market To Hit $2.9 Billion In 2012, With Facebook games maturing, mobile booming. Techcrunch. http://techcrunch.com/2011/12/07/us-virtual-goods-market-to-hit-2-9-billion-in-2012-with-facebook-games-maturing-mobile-booming/. Accessed 31 May 2013.

Mahajan N (2010, Nov. 5) CrowdFlower gets gamers to do real work for virtual pay. Mission Local. http://missionlocal.org/2010/11/crowdflower/. Accessed 31 May 2013.

See 29 C.F.R. § 531.27;

29 CFR 531.34.

Felstiner A (2012), p. 15–16.

Zynga (2012) Terms of service. http://company.zynga.com/ about/legal/terms-of-service. Accessed 31 May 2013.

See Camp B (2007) The play’s the thing: a theory of taxing virtual worlds. Hastings Law J 59:1; Lederman L (2007) Stranger than fiction: taxing virtual worlds. N.Y.U. Law Rev 82:1620; Seto T (2009) When is a game only a game?: taxing virtual worlds. U. Cincinnati Law Rev 77:1027.

In fact, looking at the wider landscape of virtual economies, it may prove easier to manage legal challenges associated with virtual currency than to confront the legal ramifications of other virtual assets and transactions. After all, modern currency is by nature notional and representative, making for a thin barrier between its virtual and “real” forms

See Zittrain J (2008) Ubiquitous human computing 1–2 (Univ. of Oxford Legal Research Paper Series, Paper No. 32, 2008). http://ssrn.com/abstract=1140445. Accessed 31 May 2013.

Irani L, Silberman M (2013) Turkopticon: interrupting worker invisibility in Amazon mechanical Turk. http://www.ics.uci.edu/~lirani/Irani-Silberman-Turkopticon-camready.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2013.

See Zittrain J (2008) Ubiquitous human computation. Oxford legal studies research paper no. 32, 6; Kumar S, Koster P (2009) Portable reputation: proving ownership of reputations across portals. Paper presented at the 2009 European context of awareness and trust (EuroCAT 2009), 3rd Workshop on combining context with trust, security, and privacy.

See, e.g., Samasource (2013) http://www.samasource.org. Accessed 31 May 2013.

See Horton J, Rand D, Zeckhauser R (2011) The online laboratory: conducting experiments in a real world labor market. Experimental Econ 14(3):399–425.

Titel: Labor Standards
verfasst von: Alek Felstiner
Verlag: Springer New York
Buch: Handbook of Human Computation
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8805-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4614-8806-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8806-4_67

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