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2023 | Buch

The Nobel Peace Prize and Latin American Thinkers of Peace Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Latin American Thinkers of Peace

herausgegeben von: Roberto Domínguez, Andrea Oelsner

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Global Political Thinkers

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book analyzes seven Latin American thinkers who have contributed to building bridges for reconciliation and peace: Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Alfonso García Robles, Óscar Arias Sánchez, Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Juan Manuel Santos, and Javier Pérez de Cuéllar. Working within an eclectic conceptual approach to systematize the circulation of ideas embraced by each one of the thinkers, the various contributions delve into the current literature of leadership and intellectuals in Politics and Global International Relations (GIR). Overall, the central premises of the analysis are based on three fundamentals of mainstream constructivism: a) change across time and space in the lifetime of each thinker under analysis in this book; b) socialization through changing norms, rules, and language; and c) processes of interaction in which actors make choices in selecting networks and strategies). Coming from different walks of life, the seven thinkers examined in this book have accessed the global public square and discussed ideas to reduce conflicts at different scales. In their respective historical times, they circulated their views and ideas beyond the confines of Latin America to influence global political thought and produce change in favor of peace.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. The Nobel Peace Prize and Latin American Thinkers of Peace
Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the volume, which discusses the work and contributions to regional and global peace of the six Latin American thinkers and activists awarded the Nobel Peace Prize between 1936 and 2016. The only Latin American Secretary-General of the United Nations has so far had. This introductory chapter also presents the common framework adopted by each chapter in the book. The Nobel Peace Prize Laureates covered are Carlos Saavedra Lamas (1936), Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (1980), Alfonso García Robles (1982), Óscar Arias Sánchez (1987), Rigoberta Menchú Tum (1992), and Juan Manuel Santos (2016). The book also includes a chapter on Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, who served as United Nations Secretary-General between 1982 and 1991.
Roberto Domínguez, Andrea Oelsner, Diana Gastelum
Chapter 2. Carlos Saavedra Lamas: A Vision for Peace
Abstract
As the first Latin American to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, this chapter examines Carlos Saavedra Lamas’ contributions to International Relations and Peace Studies and his significant impact on addressing international conflicts on the periphery of European-dominated world affairs. The chapter argues that while de League of Nations collapsed at the onset of the Second World War, it is worth bringing into the study of International Relations the role of Saavedra Lamas as a Latin American actor in regional and global peace. The chapter focuses on three significant contributions to the Latin American understanding of peace and conflict resolution: an understanding of negative peace based on a legalist approach; an alignment with pacifist, liberal internationalist ideas to avoid war through the development of international treaties and multilateral organizations; and the consultation and mediation as means to resolve active or latent conflicts.
Ariel González Levaggi, Maximiliano Zuccarino
Chapter 3. Adolfo Pérez Esquivel: Active Non-Violence
Abstract
This chapter reviews the actions and ideas of Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1980. The analysis focuses on four remarkable achievements of Pérez Esquivel. First, he managed to build and lead a regional network of Christian and ecumenical non-violent organizations with links extending beyond the region. Secondly, despite his constant search for social justice and his profound Christian beliefs, Pérez Esquivel went against the predominant view among progressive groups of the time that only violent revolution had a chance of achieving social change; moreover, this view was gaining foot even within some sectors of the Latin American Catholic Church. Third, he defended, maintained, and consistently practiced the concept of active non-violence—a position different from both the defense of the armed struggle and the principle of pacifism. Fourth, his struggle took place during a period of—and against—authoritarian governments across Latin America, which cannot be understood apart from the context of the Cold War and the United States’ support of these regimes.
Andrea Oelsner, Rolando J. Bompadre
Chapter 4. Alfonso García Robles: Architect of Disarmament
Abstract
This chapter explores the contributions of Alfonso Garcia Robles to Mexican diplomacy, disarmament, and nonproliferation in Latin America. After examining his diplomatic career and categorizing the literature published about his contributions, the authors argue that the Nobel laureate's ideas are mainly founded on liberal and institutional perspectives of International Relations as international law and international organizations to promote disarmament and normative principles are abundant in his writings. However, while the liberal perspectives are dominant in the diplomatic ideas of Garcia Robles this chapter also argues that Garcia Robles was also concerned about the Latin American region’s national security relating him to realist perspectives. On the other hand, the Treaty of Tlatelolco, the most significant achievement of Garcia Robles also paved the way for reimaging the identity of Latin America as a nuclear-free zone and constructivist interpretations.
Rafael Velázquez Flores, Luis Ochoa Bilbao
Chapter 5. Óscar Arias: Liberal Peace and Costa Rican Exceptionalism
Abstract
This chapter examines Óscar Arias’s unique approach to promoting peace and democracy in Central America. After the armed conflicts of the 1980s, structural changes in the international system paved the way for the success of the Esquipulas II peace plan or “Arias Plan,” for which the Nobel Peace Prize would eventually be awarded. Arias’ leadership, political mastery of the peace plan, ability to capitalize on critical junctures that emerged in the complex reality of Central America in the 1980s, and his ability to generate an ethical discourse mobilized a broad network of support in Latin America and the European in the face of opposition from the United States, all of which contributed to the success of the peace plan, is the main argument of this chapter. The authors discuss, using social-constructivist variables, that Arias was consistent with the liberalization and openness policies of the Washington Consensus and neoliberalism, which led to globalization. His concept of positive peace linked the absence of violence with eradicating poverty and inequality, but he believed that this could be achieved by integrating Central American economies with U.S. and global markets.
José Antonio Sanahuja, Cristina Eguizábal
Chapter 6. Rigoberta Menchú Tum: Defender of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights
Abstract
The chapter examines Rigoberta Menchú’s worldviews through the lens of International Relations and Peace Studies. Guided by the Mayan-Quiché perspective, which includes the development of a culture of peace that values interculturality and promotes the preservation of the environment, this chapter traces her activism as the voice for many groups seeking to improve their living conditions and access to equal rights, especially in Latin America. In a time when social science needs more diversity and inclusion, Menchú Tum’s contributions resonate with the principles of positive peace proposed by Johan Galtung, and even expand its meaning by incorporating environmental balance. Her ideas and activism have transcended the Nobel Peace Prize she received. She continues to work through the Pavarotti Educational Center to empower and educate indigenous people about their political rights in order to promote social, economic, and political development in their communities.
Itzel Pamela Pérez Gómez, Ana Vanessa Cárdenas Zanatta
Chapter 7. Juan Manuel Santos: Diplomacy for Peace (2010–2018)
Abstract
This chapter examines the leadership of President Juan Manuel Santos and the institutional arrangements that laid the foundations for the construction of peace in Colombia in 2016 through the theoretical lenses of International Relations and Peace Studies. Through examining his upbringing and political career, the chapter focuses on three questions: what factors shaped President Santos's perspective, and why was he awarded the Nobel Peace Prize? And what are his significant contributions and ideas for promoting peace? Based on a classification of the literature on the Colombian peace process, this chapter interviews former President Santos. Similarly, the social and personal context of Juan Manuel Santos's life must be analyzed to comprehend the factors that led him to become a peace leader who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2016. In other words, it is necessary to identify the turning points in his life associated with two dynamics: the Colombian conflict and the negotiation process.
Paula Ruiz Camacho, Martha Ardila
Chapter 8. Javier Pérez De Cuéllar: Lifelong Vocation for Global Peace
Abstract
This chapter examines the contributions to international relations made by Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, the only Latin American to hold the position of United Nations Secretary-General (1982–1991), based on a review of his ideas and political actions. Influenced by thinkers such as Raymond Aron and the Latin American tradition of non-intervention, the authors of this chapter argue that Pérez de Cuéllar was a traditional, sovereigntist, and discreet diplomat who recognized the weaknesses and dependence of international organizations on the great powers from the beginning of his tenure as UN chief. His pragmatism in the context of the end of the Cold War, his defense of more liberal principles, and his role as a norm entrepreneur led him to reconceive peacekeeping operations with a focus on the protection of human rights and the execution of new tasks, such as electoral monitoring. The diplomat from Peru accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the Peacekeeping Forces in 1988. In addition, the chapter emphasizes Pérez de Cuéllar's actions in support of preventive diplomacy, gradually shifting from a negative to a positive view of peace.
Sebastien Adins, Oscar Vidarte Arévalo
Chapter 9. Latin American Thinkers of Peace and Global IR
Abstract
This is the concluding chapter in the book. It summarizes the main findings and highlights the commonalities as well as the differences among the seven peace thinkers covered in the volume. It also emphasizes that while they all shared Latin America as a cultural and geographical setting, their actions supported global causes. Departing from a Global IR perspective, this closing chapter proposes a shift from the universal to the plural, and a call for convergence with the grand IR narratives in order to explain their shortcomings and identify interconnections. In so doing, it focuses on the concepts of positive and negative peace, and locates the different peace thinkers along a continuum that intersects with theories of IR.
Roberto Domínguez, Andrea Oelsner, Apoorva Sridhar
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Latin American Thinkers of Peace
herausgegeben von
Roberto Domínguez
Andrea Oelsner
Copyright-Jahr
2023
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-36107-4
Print ISBN
978-3-031-36106-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36107-4

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