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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Transitional Justice in Afrika

verfasst von : Ulf Engel

Erschienen in: Handbuch Transitional Justice

Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

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Zusammenfassung

Wie kaum ein anderer Kontinent hat Afrika sich seit 1994 zu einem Labor von Transitional Justice (TJ) entwickelt. Dabei standen unterschiedliche Typen von Konflikt ebenso wie verschiedenartige Kombinationen von TJ-Politiken im Vordergrund. Empirisch konzentrieren sich die Erfahrungen auf Wahrheits- und Versöhnungskommissionen, nationale wie internationale Untersuchungskommissionen sowie internationale Strafgerichtshöfe. Jüngst dominieren einerseits Versuche der AU-Kommission, verbindliche TJ-Standards für die AU-Mitgliedsstaaten zu entwickeln, und andererseits die Politik, eine Strafverfolgung von Amtsinhabern durch den Internationalen Strafgerichtshof (ICC) zu verhindern.
Since the early 1990s, Africa has served as a vast testing ground for new policies to address impunity, seek truth and justice, and enable reconciliation in fractured societies. Although the results of these accountability efforts have been mixed and uneven, African experiences have contributed to advancing a plethora of domestic and international transitional justice initiatives. Africa’s response to justice mirrors the upheavals of Latin America, which also suffered from false starts and political manipulation before building innovative and dynamic accountability mechanisms. Approaches have ranged from judicial mechanisms, such as international tribunals, hybrid courts, and domestic trials, to non-judicial mechanisms like truth commissions, reparations, and traditional or community-based processes.
(AU Panel of the Wise 2013, S. 27).

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Zurück zum Zitat Hansen, Thomas O. 2013. Kenya’s power-sharing arrangement and its implications for transitional justice. International Journal of Human Rights 17(2): 307–327.CrossRef Hansen, Thomas O. 2013. Kenya’s power-sharing arrangement and its implications for transitional justice. International Journal of Human Rights 17(2): 307–327.CrossRef
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Zurück zum Zitat Hazan, Pierre. 2010. Judging war judging history: Behind truth and reconciliation. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Hazan, Pierre. 2010. Judging war judging history: Behind truth and reconciliation. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat HBS (Henrich-Böll-Stiftung). 2010. GOPP M&E. Genderorientierte Programmplanung, Monitoring und Evaluierung. In Handbuch für internationale Programme. Berlin: Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. HBS (Henrich-Böll-Stiftung). 2010. GOPP M&E. Genderorientierte Programmplanung, Monitoring und Evaluierung. In Handbuch für internationale Programme. Berlin: Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoffendahl, Christine, und Anne Jansen. 2013. Transitional Justice in Afrika. Transitional justice in Africa. Dok-line Afrika. Annotierte Online-Bibliographie. Hamburg: German Institute of Global and Area Studies. Hoffendahl, Christine, und Anne Jansen. 2013. Transitional Justice in Afrika. Transitional justice in Africa. Dok-line Afrika. Annotierte Online-Bibliographie. Hamburg: German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
Zurück zum Zitat Hovil, Lucy. 2012. Gender, transitional justice, and displacement: Challenges in Africa’s Great Lakes region. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice. Hovil, Lucy. 2012. Gender, transitional justice, and displacement: Challenges in Africa’s Great Lakes region. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice.
Zurück zum Zitat HRW (Human Rights Watch). 2001. The New Racism. The political manipulation of ethnicity in Côte d’Ivoire. New York: Human Rights Watch. HRW (Human Rights Watch). 2001. The New Racism. The political manipulation of ethnicity in Côte d’Ivoire. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Zurück zum Zitat HRW. 2003. Algeria – Time for reckoning. Enforced disappearances and abductions in Algeria. New York: Human Rights Watch. HRW. 2003. Algeria – Time for reckoning. Enforced disappearances and abductions in Algeria. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Zurück zum Zitat HRW. 2011. Justice compromised. The legacy of Rwanda’s community-based Gacaca courts. New York: Human Rights Watch. HRW. 2011. Justice compromised. The legacy of Rwanda’s community-based Gacaca courts. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Zurück zum Zitat HRW. 2012. A long way from reconciliation. Abusive military crackdown in response to security threats in Côte d’Ivoire. New York: Human Rights Watch. HRW. 2012. A long way from reconciliation. Abusive military crackdown in response to security threats in Côte d’Ivoire. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Zurück zum Zitat HRW. 2015. Flawed accountability. Shortcomings of Tunisia’s trials for killings during the uprising. New York: Human Rights Watch. HRW. 2015. Flawed accountability. Shortcomings of Tunisia’s trials for killings during the uprising. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Zurück zum Zitat Humphrey, Michael, und Estela Valverde. 2008. Human rights politics and injustice: Transitional justice in Argentina and South Africa. International Journal of Transitional Justice 2(1): 83–105.CrossRef Humphrey, Michael, und Estela Valverde. 2008. Human rights politics and injustice: Transitional justice in Argentina and South Africa. International Journal of Transitional Justice 2(1): 83–105.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Huntington, Samuel P. 1992. Democracy’s third wave. Journal of Democracy 2(2): 12–34.CrossRef Huntington, Samuel P. 1992. Democracy’s third wave. Journal of Democracy 2(2): 12–34.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Huyse, Luc, Hrsg. 2008. Traditional justice and reconciliation after violent conflict: Learning from African experiences. Stockholm: International IDEA. Huyse, Luc, Hrsg. 2008. Traditional justice and reconciliation after violent conflict: Learning from African experiences. Stockholm: International IDEA.
Zurück zum Zitat ICC (International Criminal Court). 2011. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The Hague: ICC. ICC (International Criminal Court). 2011. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The Hague: ICC.
Zurück zum Zitat ICC. 2013. Report of the ICC for 2012/2013, UN A/68/314, 13 August. ICC. 2013. Report of the ICC for 2012/2013, UN A/68/314, 13 August.
Zurück zum Zitat ICTJ (International Center for Transitional Justice). 2012. Le processus de justice de transition au Burundi: défis et perspectives. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice. ICTJ (International Center for Transitional Justice). 2012. Le processus de justice de transition au Burundi: défis et perspectives. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice.
Zurück zum Zitat ICTJ. 2014. Challenging the conventional. Can truth commissions strengthen peace processes? New York: International Center for Transitional Justice. ICTJ. 2014. Challenging the conventional. Can truth commissions strengthen peace processes? New York: International Center for Transitional Justice.
Zurück zum Zitat ICTR. 2014b. Report on the completion strategy of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda as at 5 May 2014. UN doc. S/2014/343, 15 May. ICTR. 2014b. Report on the completion strategy of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda as at 5 May 2014. UN doc. S/2014/343, 15 May.
Zurück zum Zitat Igreja, Victor. 2009. Justice and reconciliation in the aftermath of the civil war in Gorongosa, Mozambique-Central. In Building a future on peace and justice: Studies on transitional justice, conflict resolution and development; the Nuremberg Declaration of Peace and Justice, Hrsg. Kai Ambos, Judith Large und Marieke Wierda, 423–437. Berlin: Springer.CrossRef Igreja, Victor. 2009. Justice and reconciliation in the aftermath of the civil war in Gorongosa, Mozambique-Central. In Building a future on peace and justice: Studies on transitional justice, conflict resolution and development; the Nuremberg Declaration of Peace and Justice, Hrsg. Kai Ambos, Judith Large und Marieke Wierda, 423–437. Berlin: Springer.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Igreja, Victor. 2013. Multiple temporalities in indigenous justice and healing practices in Mozambique. International Journal of Transitional Justice 6(3): 404–422.CrossRef Igreja, Victor. 2013. Multiple temporalities in indigenous justice and healing practices in Mozambique. International Journal of Transitional Justice 6(3): 404–422.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Iliff, Andrew R. 2013. Root and branch: Discourses of „Tradition“ in grassroots transitional justice. Journal of Transitional Justice 6(2): 253–273.CrossRef Iliff, Andrew R. 2013. Root and branch: Discourses of „Tradition“ in grassroots transitional justice. Journal of Transitional Justice 6(2): 253–273.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ingelaere, Bert. 2010. Les attentes envers la justice traditionelle au Burundi vues par le bas. L’Afrique des Grands Lacs 14:33–44. Ingelaere, Bert. 2010. Les attentes envers la justice traditionelle au Burundi vues par le bas. L’Afrique des Grands Lacs 14:33–44.
Zurück zum Zitat International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur. 2005. Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General. Geneva: United Nations. International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur. 2005. Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General. Geneva: United Nations.
Zurück zum Zitat James-Allen, Paul, Aaron Weah, und Lizzie Goodfriend. 2010. Beyond the Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Transitional justice options in Liberia. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice. James-Allen, Paul, Aaron Weah, und Lizzie Goodfriend. 2010. Beyond the Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Transitional justice options in Liberia. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelsall, Michelle Staggs, und Shanee Stepakoff. 2007. „When We Wanted to Talk About Rape“: Silencing sexual violence at the special court for Sierra Leone. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1(3): 355–374.CrossRef Kelsall, Michelle Staggs, und Shanee Stepakoff. 2007. „When We Wanted to Talk About Rape“: Silencing sexual violence at the special court for Sierra Leone. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1(3): 355–374.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kende, Mark S. 2007. Truth Commissions versus prosecutions: An African perspective. In Security, reconstruction, and reconciliation: When the wars end, Hrsg. Muna Ndulo, 133–144. London: UCL Press. Kende, Mark S. 2007. Truth Commissions versus prosecutions: An African perspective. In Security, reconstruction, and reconciliation: When the wars end, Hrsg. Muna Ndulo, 133–144. London: UCL Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Koselleck, Reinhard. 2002. Formen und Traditionen des negativen Gedächtnisses. In Verbrechen erinnern. Die Auseinandersetzung mit Holocaust und Völkermord, Hrsg. Volker Knigge und Norbert Frei, 21–32. München: Beck. Koselleck, Reinhard. 2002. Formen und Traditionen des negativen Gedächtnisses. In Verbrechen erinnern. Die Auseinandersetzung mit Holocaust und Völkermord, Hrsg. Volker Knigge und Norbert Frei, 21–32. München: Beck.
Zurück zum Zitat Krogh, Antjie. 2000. Country of my skull guilt, sorrow, and the limits of forgiveness in the new South Africa, 2. Aufl. New York: Three Rivers Press. Krogh, Antjie. 2000. Country of my skull guilt, sorrow, and the limits of forgiveness in the new South Africa, 2. Aufl. New York: Three Rivers Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Langeveldt, Veleska. 2014. The African Union’s response to gender-based violence (Policy Brief, 15). Cape Town: Institute for Justice and Reconciliation. Langeveldt, Veleska. 2014. The African Union’s response to gender-based violence (Policy Brief, 15). Cape Town: Institute for Justice and Reconciliation.
Zurück zum Zitat Lincoln, Jessica. 2011. Transitional justice, peace and accountability: Outreach and the role of international courts after conflict. Abingdon: Routledge. Lincoln, Jessica. 2011. Transitional justice, peace and accountability: Outreach and the role of international courts after conflict. Abingdon: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Lutz, Ellen L., und Caitlin Reiger, Hrsg. 2009. Prosecuting heads of state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lutz, Ellen L., und Caitlin Reiger, Hrsg. 2009. Prosecuting heads of state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Mageza-Barthel, Rirhandu. 2012. Asserting their presence! Women’s quest for transitional justice in post-genocide Rwanda. In Gender in transitional justice, Hrsg. Susanne Buckley-Zistel und Ruth Stanley, 163–190. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Mageza-Barthel, Rirhandu. 2012. Asserting their presence! Women’s quest for transitional justice in post-genocide Rwanda. In Gender in transitional justice, Hrsg. Susanne Buckley-Zistel und Ruth Stanley, 163–190. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Malan, Jannie. 2008. Understanding transitional justice in Africa. In Peace and conflict in Africa, Hrsg. David J. Francis, 133–147. London/New York: Zed Books. Malan, Jannie. 2008. Understanding transitional justice in Africa. In Peace and conflict in Africa, Hrsg. David J. Francis, 133–147. London/New York: Zed Books.
Zurück zum Zitat Margalit, Avishai. 1996. The ethics of memory. Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press. Margalit, Avishai. 1996. The ethics of memory. Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Mekonnen, Daniel R. 2010. Indigenous legal traditions as a supplement to African transitional justice initiatives. African Journal on Conflict Resolution 10(3): 101–122. Mekonnen, Daniel R. 2010. Indigenous legal traditions as a supplement to African transitional justice initiatives. African Journal on Conflict Resolution 10(3): 101–122.
Zurück zum Zitat Mgbako, C. 2005. Ingando solidarity camps: Reconciliation and political indoctrination in post-genocide Rwanda. Harvard Human Rights Journal 18:201–224. Mgbako, C. 2005. Ingando solidarity camps: Reconciliation and political indoctrination in post-genocide Rwanda. Harvard Human Rights Journal 18:201–224.
Zurück zum Zitat Mncwabe, Nokukhanya. 2010. African transitional justice research network: Critical reflections on a peer learning process. International Journal of Transitional Justice 4(3): 497–508.CrossRef Mncwabe, Nokukhanya. 2010. African transitional justice research network: Critical reflections on a peer learning process. International Journal of Transitional Justice 4(3): 497–508.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Moon, Claire. 2008. Narrating political reconciliation. South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Lanham: Lexington Books. Moon, Claire. 2008. Narrating political reconciliation. South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Lanham: Lexington Books.
Zurück zum Zitat Moore, Jennifer. 2012. Humanitarian law in action within Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Moore, Jennifer. 2012. Humanitarian law in action within Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Murithi, Tim. 2009. Kenya – A year after the crisis. The quest for electoral reform and transitional justice (Situation Report). Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. Murithi, Tim. 2009. Kenya – A year after the crisis. The quest for electoral reform and transitional justice (Situation Report). Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
Zurück zum Zitat Murithi, Tim. 2013. The African Union and the International Criminal Court: An embattled relationship? (Policy Brief, 10/2013). Cape Town: Institute for Justice and Reconciliation. Murithi, Tim. 2013. The African Union and the International Criminal Court: An embattled relationship? (Policy Brief, 10/2013). Cape Town: Institute for Justice and Reconciliation.
Zurück zum Zitat Murithi, Tim, und Lindsay McClain Opiyo. 2014. Regional reconciliation in Africa: Policy recommendations for cross-border transitional justice (Policy Brief; 14/2014). Cape Town: Institute for Justice and Reconciliation. Murithi, Tim, und Lindsay McClain Opiyo. 2014. Regional reconciliation in Africa: Policy recommendations for cross-border transitional justice (Policy Brief; 14/2014). Cape Town: Institute for Justice and Reconciliation.
Zurück zum Zitat Murray, Rachel. 2001. The report of OAU’s International Panel of Eminent Personalities to investigate the 1994 genocide in Rwanda and the sourrounding events. Journal of African Law 45(1): 123–142.CrossRef Murray, Rachel. 2001. The report of OAU’s International Panel of Eminent Personalities to investigate the 1994 genocide in Rwanda and the sourrounding events. Journal of African Law 45(1): 123–142.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Murray, Martin J. 2013. Commemorating and forgetting. Challenges for the new South Africa. Minneapolis: University of Minesota Press.CrossRef Murray, Martin J. 2013. Commemorating and forgetting. Challenges for the new South Africa. Minneapolis: University of Minesota Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Musila, Godfrey Mukhaya. 2009. Options for transitional justice in Kenya: Autonomy and the challenge of external prescriptions. International Journal of Transitional Justice 3(3): 445–464.CrossRef Musila, Godfrey Mukhaya. 2009. Options for transitional justice in Kenya: Autonomy and the challenge of external prescriptions. International Journal of Transitional Justice 3(3): 445–464.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nagy, Rosemarie. 2004. After the TRC: Citizenship, memory and reconciliation. Canadian Journal of African Studies 38(3): 638–653. Nagy, Rosemarie. 2004. After the TRC: Citizenship, memory and reconciliation. Canadian Journal of African Studies 38(3): 638–653.
Zurück zum Zitat Ndungú, Christopher Gitari. 2014. Lessons to be learned: An analysis of the final report of Kenya’s Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice. Ndungú, Christopher Gitari. 2014. Lessons to be learned: An analysis of the final report of Kenya’s Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice.
Zurück zum Zitat New Vision. 2013. Uhuru Blasts US, UK in his AU speech – Full text. New Vision, 13 October. http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/648328-uhuru-blasts-us-uk-in-his-au-speech–full-speech-below.html. Zugegriffen am 04.08.2013. New Vision. 2013. Uhuru Blasts US, UK in his AU speech – Full text. New Vision, 13 October. http://​www.​newvision.​co.​ug/​news/​648328-uhuru-blasts-us-uk-in-his-au-speech–full-speech-below.html. Zugegriffen am 04.08.2013.
Zurück zum Zitat Ngari, Allan. 2012. Reconciling Kenya. Opportunities for constructing a peaceful and socially cohesive nation (Policy Brief, 1/2012). Cape Town: Institute for Justice and Reconciliation. Ngari, Allan. 2012. Reconciling Kenya. Opportunities for constructing a peaceful and socially cohesive nation (Policy Brief, 1/2012). Cape Town: Institute for Justice and Reconciliation.
Zurück zum Zitat Ngoma-Binda, Elie Phambu. 2008. Justice transitionnelle en R. D. Congo: Une expérience de Commission Vérité et Réconciliation. Paris: L’Harmattan. Ngoma-Binda, Elie Phambu. 2008. Justice transitionnelle en R. D. Congo: Une expérience de Commission Vérité et Réconciliation. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Zurück zum Zitat OAU (Organisation of African Unity). 2000. Constitutive act of the African Union. Lomé: Organisation of African Unity. OAU (Organisation of African Unity). 2000. Constitutive act of the African Union. Lomé: Organisation of African Unity.
Zurück zum Zitat OAU International Panel. 2000. The preventable genocide. The report of the International Panel of Eminent Personalities to investigate the 1994 genocide in Rwanda and the surrounding events. Addis Ababa: Organisation of African Unity. OAU International Panel. 2000. The preventable genocide. The report of the International Panel of Eminent Personalities to investigate the 1994 genocide in Rwanda and the surrounding events. Addis Ababa: Organisation of African Unity.
Zurück zum Zitat Oomen, Barbara. 2007. Justice mechanisms and the question of legitimacy: The example of Rwanda’s multi-layered justice mechanisms. Bonn/Bern: FriEnt. Oomen, Barbara. 2007. Justice mechanisms and the question of legitimacy: The example of Rwanda’s multi-layered justice mechanisms. Bonn/Bern: FriEnt.
Zurück zum Zitat Powell, Derek. 2010. The role of constitution making and institution building in furthering peace, justice and development: South Africa’s democratic transition. International Journal of Transitional Justice 4(2): 230–250.CrossRef Powell, Derek. 2010. The role of constitution making and institution building in furthering peace, justice and development: South Africa’s democratic transition. International Journal of Transitional Justice 4(2): 230–250.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pozen, Joanna, Richard Neugebauer, und Joseph Ntaganira. 2014. Assessing the Rwanda experiment: Popular perceptions of Gacaca in its final phase. International Journal of Transitional Justice 18(1): 31–52.CrossRef Pozen, Joanna, Richard Neugebauer, und Joseph Ntaganira. 2014. Assessing the Rwanda experiment: Popular perceptions of Gacaca in its final phase. International Journal of Transitional Justice 18(1): 31–52.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Quinn, Joanna R. 2004. Constraints: The un-doing of the Ugandan Truth Commission. Human Rights Quarterly 26(2): 401–427.CrossRef Quinn, Joanna R. 2004. Constraints: The un-doing of the Ugandan Truth Commission. Human Rights Quarterly 26(2): 401–427.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Renner, Judith. 2013. Discourse, normative change and the quest for reconciliation in global politics. Manchester: Manchester University Press.CrossRef Renner, Judith. 2013. Discourse, normative change and the quest for reconciliation in global politics. Manchester: Manchester University Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Roth, Kenneth. 2014. Africa attacks the International Criminal Court. The New York Review of Books, 6 January. Roth, Kenneth. 2014. Africa attacks the International Criminal Court. The New York Review of Books, 6 January.
Zurück zum Zitat Rubli, Sandra. 2013. (Re)making the social world: The politics of transitional justice in Burundi. Africa Spectrum 48(1): 3–24. Rubli, Sandra. 2013. (Re)making the social world: The politics of transitional justice in Burundi. Africa Spectrum 48(1): 3–24.
Zurück zum Zitat Samii, Cyrus. 2013. Who wants to forgive and forget? Transitional justice preferences in postwar Burundi. Journal of Peace Research 50(2): 219–233.CrossRef Samii, Cyrus. 2013. Who wants to forgive and forget? Transitional justice preferences in postwar Burundi. Journal of Peace Research 50(2): 219–233.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Savage, Tyrone. 2006. In quest of a sustainable justice: Transitional justice and human security in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (ISS Papers 130). Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. Savage, Tyrone. 2006. In quest of a sustainable justice: Transitional justice and human security in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (ISS Papers 130). Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
Zurück zum Zitat Sesay, Amadu. 2007. Does one size fit all? Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission revisited (Discussion Paper 36). Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Sesay, Amadu. 2007. Does one size fit all? Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission revisited (Discussion Paper 36). Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Zurück zum Zitat Sierra Leone. 2012. Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone Agreement (Ratification) Act, Act. No. 1. Supplement to the Government Gazette, Bd. CXLIII, No. 6, 9 February. Sierra Leone. 2012. Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone Agreement (Ratification) Act, Act. No. 1. Supplement to the Government Gazette, Bd. CXLIII, No. 6, 9 February.
Zurück zum Zitat Sigsworth, Romi, und Nahla Valji. 2012. Continuities of violence against women and the limitations of transitional justice: The Case of South Africa. In Gender in transitional justice, Hrsg. Susanne Buckley-Zistel und Ruth Stanley, 115–135. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Sigsworth, Romi, und Nahla Valji. 2012. Continuities of violence against women and the limitations of transitional justice: The Case of South Africa. In Gender in transitional justice, Hrsg. Susanne Buckley-Zistel und Ruth Stanley, 115–135. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sitze, Adam. 2013. The impossible machine. A genealogy of South Africa’s Truth and Reconcilation Commission. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRef Sitze, Adam. 2013. The impossible machine. A genealogy of South Africa’s Truth and Reconcilation Commission. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Souaré, Issaka K. 2009. The International Criminal Court and African conflicts: The case of Uganda. Review of African Political Economy 36(121): 369–388.CrossRef Souaré, Issaka K. 2009. The International Criminal Court and African conflicts: The case of Uganda. Review of African Political Economy 36(121): 369–388.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat South Africa. 1995. Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act, South Africa. Act 34 of 1995. Pretoria: Juta. South Africa. 1995. Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act, South Africa. Act 34 of 1995. Pretoria: Juta.
Zurück zum Zitat Sriram, Chandra Lekha. 2007. Justice for whom? Assessing hybrid approaches to accountability in Sierra Leone. In Security, reconstruction, and reconciliation: When the wars end, Hrsg. Muna Ndulo, 145–164. London: UCL Press. Sriram, Chandra Lekha. 2007. Justice for whom? Assessing hybrid approaches to accountability in Sierra Leone. In Security, reconstruction, and reconciliation: When the wars end, Hrsg. Muna Ndulo, 145–164. London: UCL Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Sriram, Chandra Lekha und Suren Pillay, Hrsg. 2009. The dilemma of transitional justice in Africa. Cape Town: University of KwaZulu-Natal. Sriram, Chandra Lekha und Suren Pillay, Hrsg. 2009. The dilemma of transitional justice in Africa. Cape Town: University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Zurück zum Zitat Sriram, Chandra Lekha, und Amy Ross. 2007. Geographies of crime and justice: Contemporary transitional justice and the creation of „Zones of Impunity“. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1(1): 45–65.CrossRef Sriram, Chandra Lekha, und Amy Ross. 2007. Geographies of crime and justice: Contemporary transitional justice and the creation of „Zones of Impunity“. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1(1): 45–65.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sriram, Chandra Lekha, et al., Hrsg. 2013. Transitional justice and peacebuilding on the ground: Victims and ex-combatants. London: Routledge. Sriram, Chandra Lekha, et al., Hrsg. 2013. Transitional justice and peacebuilding on the ground: Victims and ex-combatants. London: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinberg, Jonny. 2011. A truth commission goes abroad: Liberian transitional justice in New York. African Affairs 110(438): 35–53.CrossRef Steinberg, Jonny. 2011. A truth commission goes abroad: Liberian transitional justice in New York. African Affairs 110(438): 35–53.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stovel, Laura. 2010. Long road home. Building reconciliation and trust in post-war Sierra Leone. Antwerp: Intersentia. Stovel, Laura. 2010. Long road home. Building reconciliation and trust in post-war Sierra Leone. Antwerp: Intersentia.
Zurück zum Zitat Straus, Scot, Hrsg. 2011. Remaking Rwanda. State building and human rights after mass violence. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Straus, Scot, Hrsg. 2011. Remaking Rwanda. State building and human rights after mass violence. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor, David. 2013. Truth under the avocado trees, local needs and Burundi’s TRC. Journal of Eastern African Studies 7(3): 450–470.CrossRef Taylor, David. 2013. Truth under the avocado trees, local needs and Burundi’s TRC. Journal of Eastern African Studies 7(3): 450–470.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Teitel, Ruti G. 2003. Transitional justice genealogy. Harvard Human Rights Journal 16:69–94. Teitel, Ruti G. 2003. Transitional justice genealogy. Harvard Human Rights Journal 16:69–94.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomson, Susan. 2011. The darker side of transitional justice: The power dynamics behind Rwanda’s gacaca courts. Africa 81(3): 373–390.CrossRef Thomson, Susan. 2011. The darker side of transitional justice: The power dynamics behind Rwanda’s gacaca courts. Africa 81(3): 373–390.CrossRef
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Zurück zum Zitat Thomson, Susan, und Rosemary Nagy. 2011. Law, power and justice: What Legalism fails to address in the functioning of Rwanda’s „Gacaca“ courts. International Journal of Transitional Justice 5(1): 11–30.CrossRef Thomson, Susan, und Rosemary Nagy. 2011. Law, power and justice: What Legalism fails to address in the functioning of Rwanda’s „Gacaca“ courts. International Journal of Transitional Justice 5(1): 11–30.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tiemessen, Alana Erin. 2004. After Arusha: Gacaca justice in post-genocide Rwanda. African Studies Quarterly, Sonderausgabe: Truth and reconciliation commissions in Africa, 8(1):1–18. Tiemessen, Alana Erin. 2004. After Arusha: Gacaca justice in post-genocide Rwanda. African Studies Quarterly, Sonderausgabe: Truth and reconciliation commissions in Africa, 8(1):1–18.
Zurück zum Zitat TJRC (Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission) Kenya. 2013. Report of the truth, justice and reconciliation commission, Bd. 1–4. Nairobi: TJRC Kenya. TJRC (Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission) Kenya. 2013. Report of the truth, justice and reconciliation commission, Bd. 1–4. Nairobi: TJRC Kenya.
Zurück zum Zitat TRC Sierra Leone. 2004. Witness to truth: Report of the Sierra Leone Truth & Reconciliation Commission. Accra: Truth and Reconciliation Commission. TRC Sierra Leone. 2004. Witness to truth: Report of the Sierra Leone Truth & Reconciliation Commission. Accra: Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Zurück zum Zitat Tronvoll, Kjetil, Charles Schaefer, und Girmachew Alemu Aneme, Hrsg. 2009. The Ethiopian red terror trials: Transitional justice challenged. London: James Currey. Tronvoll, Kjetil, Charles Schaefer, und Girmachew Alemu Aneme, Hrsg. 2009. The Ethiopian red terror trials: Transitional justice challenged. London: James Currey.
Zurück zum Zitat Tutu, Desmond M. 1999. No future without forgiveness. New York: Doubleday. Tutu, Desmond M. 1999. No future without forgiveness. New York: Doubleday.
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Metadaten
Titel
Transitional Justice in Afrika
verfasst von
Ulf Engel
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02392-8_23

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