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2001 | Buch

Intelligent Strategies for Meta Multiple Criteria Decision Making

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Über dieses Buch

Multiple criteria decision-making research has developed rapidly and has become a main area of research for dealing with complex decision problems which require the consideration of multiple objectives or criteria. Over the past twenty years, numerous multiple criterion decision methods have been developed which are able to solve such problems. However, the selection of an appropriate method to solve a particular decision problem is today's problem for a decision support researcher and decision-maker.
Intelligent Strategies for Meta Multiple Criteria Decision-Making deals centrally with the problem of the numerous MCDM methods that can be applied to a decision problem. The book refers to this as a `meta decision problem', and it is this problem that the book analyzes. The author provides two strategies to help the decision-makers select and design an appropriate approach to a complex decision problem. Either of these strategies can be designed into a decision support system itself. One strategy is to use machine learning to design an MCDM method. This is accomplished by applying intelligent techniques, namely neural networks as a structure for approximating functions and evolutionary algorithms as universal learning methods. The other strategy is based on solving the meta decision problem interactively by selecting or designing a method suitable to the specific problem, for example, the constructing of a method from building blocks. This strategy leads to a concept of MCDM networks. Examples of this approach for a decision support system explain the possibilities of applying the elaborated techniques and their mutual interplay. The techniques outlined in the book can be used by researchers, students, and industry practitioners to better model and select appropriate methods for solving complex, multi-objective decision problems.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
In multiobjective optimization or multiple criteria decision making (MCDM)1 decision problems are analyzed for which several objectives or objective functions shall be optimized at the same time. Formally, such a problem can be defined as follows: Let A ≠ Ø be a set of alternatives (also called actions, strategies or feasible solutions) of a decision problem. Let
$$ f\;:\;A\; \to \;{R^q} $$
(1.1)
be a multicriteria evaluation function. A proper DCDM problem is given only for q ≥ 2. The case of an ordinary scalar optimization problem with q = 1 will be considered as a special case of a DCDM problem during this work for simplifying analysis. Each function f k : AR with f k (a) = z k (k ∈ {1,…,q}, aA) with f(a) = (z 1,…,z q ) is called a criterion or objective function or attribute. We assume each criterion has to be maximized, thus that a higher value is prefered to a smaller value.2 (A, f) is called a multiple criteria decision making (DCDM) problem.
Thomas Hanne
Chapter 2. Critical Discourse on the MCDM Methodology and the Meta Decision Problem in MCDM
Abstract
Occasionally, critical remarks have been made in the literature on each of the proposed basic concepts for MCDM methods. In the following, some critical points central to the methodological discussion in MCDM will be recapitulated. Usually, the most widely spread concepts found the greatest attention in these discussions. On the other hand, rather unknown approaches or the single representatives of a ‘school’ of MCDM methods often met with no response until now. There is also quite few explicit criticism on simple concepts of multicriteria decision aid. Partly, this may be attributed to the ad-hoc appearance of some approaches such that they are supposed to be out of question. Keeney (1988, p. 408), for instance, writes: “Oversimplistic value tradeoffs, such as lexicographic orderings, are often too simplistic”. On the other hand, Stewart (1992) regards the simple additive aggregation as a wide-spread, intuitive, and easy-to-understand method which, in case of doubt, may be preferable to more complex methods just because of this.
Thomas Hanne
Chapter 3. Neural Networks and Evolutionary Learning for MCDM
Abstract
Neural networks are computational models based on biological paragons of parallel information processing by simple connected units of calculation.1 So far they have been subject of just relatively few works in MCDM. First studies into this direction are due to Wang and Malakooti (1992), Wang (1993a, 1993b, 1994a, 1994b), and Malakooti and Zhou (1994) who consider MADM problems for which a feedforward network shall learn a multiattribute utility function using a modified backpropagation algorithm.2 In this book, the application of a neural network shall take place such that first in a learning phase based on preferences articulated by a DM network parameters are determined. In a working phase, the network then evaluates separately all feasible alternatives such that an optimal one can be chosen. The application examples, however, work with a fixed utility function which serves the calculation of reference values for the learning phase. Usually, in the studies quite good results or small test errors are obtained where it should be considered, however, that small sizes of a training set are used. A proposal for using backpropagation feedforward networks for supporting multicriteria multi-person decisions based on utility functions is due to Wang and Archer (1994).
Thomas Hanne
Chapter 4. On the Combination of MCDM Methods
Abstract
The aggregation of various MCDM methods in an integrative decision support system leads to the idea of providing further possibilities of application besides their interactive, sequential usage from a unified user interface. Referring to the formulation of the meta decision problem proposed in Chapter 2 which asks for a design of an MCDM method specific to the respective situation, we shall analyze whether and how different methods can be combined for solving a decision problem.
Thomas Hanne
Chapter 5. Loops — an Object Oriented DSS for Solving Meta Decision Problems
Abstract
In the following, we will present a novel prototype of DSS framework which especially shall serve an analysis of meta decision problems in MCDM and, for doing so, includes an integration of methods, the capability of an interactive method selection or design, and the support of machine learning. This framework is extended to a multicriteria decision support system (MCDSS) by the implementation of problem classes and classes for MCDM methods, neural networks, neural MCDM networks, and evolutionary algorithms for which then in Chapter 6 some possibilities of application are presented.
Thomas Hanne
Chapter 6. Examples of the Application of Loops
Abstract
In this chapter, six sample applications of MC-LOOPS, the multicriteria extension of LOOPS, will be discussed. Three of them deal with financial investments, i.e. stock investments, and help to sketch possible applications of LOOPS in practice and related questions. The other three sample applications are motivated mainly by methodological issues and serve the discussion of the learning process specific to a method and the meta learning. Besides these examples, the system has been applied to various other sample problems for test reasons. A quite extensive application1 where parts of an earlier version of LOOPS have been used concerns the analysis of a problem in game theory, the iterated prisoners’ dilemma, under evolutionary terms. Using an evolutionary algorithm, the applied game strategies (= methods) are optimized. In this application, the games are represented by a problem class.
Thomas Hanne
Chapter 7. Critical Résume and Outlook
Abstract
In this book we have first presented a short introduction into some central theoretical and application-oriented concepts of multicriteria optimization. The variety of methods found in the MCDM literature cannot simply be reduced considering the critical discussion such that the question concerning the choice of a method for solving an MCDM problem would not arise. Neither an absolutely questionable demand for a descriptive orientation of MCDM methods nor a consideration of different concepts of rationality seems, in general, to suffice for clearly rejecting single methods. For instance, this is because other concepts of rationality or other justifications argue in favor of the corresponding method.
Thomas Hanne
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Intelligent Strategies for Meta Multiple Criteria Decision Making
verfasst von
Thomas Hanne
Copyright-Jahr
2001
Verlag
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4615-1595-1
Print ISBN
978-1-4613-5632-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1595-1