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2019 | Buch

Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Composite Materials

Science and Engineering

verfasst von: Prof. Krishan K. Chawla

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

The fourth edition of Krishan Chawla's widely used textbook, Composite Materials, offers integrated and completely up-to-date coverage of composite materials. The book focuses on the triad of processing, structure, and properties, while providing a well-balanced treatment of the materials science and mechanics of composites. In this edition of Composite Materials, revised and updated throughout, increasing use of composites in industry (especially aerospace and energy) and new developments in the field are highlighted. New material on the advances in non-conventional composites (which covers polymer, metal and ceramic matrix nanocomposites), self-healing composites, self-reinforced composites, biocomposites and laminates made of metals and polymer matrix composites is included. Examples of practical applications in various fields are provided throughout the book, with extensive references to the literature. The book is intended for use in graduate and upper-division undergraduate courses and as a reference for the practicing engineers and researchers in industry and academia.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Part I

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction

Abstract

In this chapter, we introduce the subject of composite materials. An operational definition is given. Different types of composite are described: fiber reinforced composites, particle reinforced composites, and laminated composites.

Krishan K. Chawla

Chapter 2. Reinforcements

Abstract

Different types of reinforcements are described in this chapter. Fiber flexibility, an important attribute, is defined and a mathematical expression is derived. Processing, structure, and properties of particles, aramid, polyethylene, Nicalon (silicon carbide), boron, carbon, and alumina fibers are described. Tungsten carbide particles are described. A comparison of different fibers is made.

Krishan K. Chawla

Chapter 3. Matrix Materials

Abstract

Different types of matrix materials (polymers, metals, and ceramics) are described in this chapter. Specifically, structure and properties of epoxy, unsaturated polyester, steel, aluminum, alumina, silicon carbide, and intermetallics are described.

Krishan K. Chawla

Chapter 4. Interfaces

Abstract

Interface is very important in composites. A definition of interface is given. Important attributes of interface are described. Wettability, interfacial interactions, types of bonding, tests for measuring interfacial strength, single-fiber pullout tests, fragmentation test, and interlaminar shear strength are described.

Krishan K. Chawla

Part II

Frontmatter

Chapter 5. Polymer Matrix Composites

Abstract

Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) are the most important types of composites. The interface in different PMCs is described. The processing, structure, properties, and applications of glass fiber/polymer, carbon fiber/polymer, aramid fiber/polymer, and polyethylene/polymer are described.

Krishan K. Chawla

Chapter 6. Metal Matrix Composites

Abstract

Metal matrix composites consist of a metal or an alloy as the continuous matrix and a reinforcement that can be particle, short fiber or whisker, or continuous fiber. In this chapter, we first describe important techniques to process metal matrix composites, then we describe the interface region and its characteristics, properties of different metal matrix composites, and finally, we summarize different applications of metal matrix composites.

Krishan K. Chawla

Chapter 7. Ceramic Matrix Composites

Abstract

Ceramic materials have a very attractive package of properties: high strength and high stiffness at high temperatures, chemical inertness, low density, etc. What they lack is toughness. The ceramic matrix composites have the main objective of enhancing toughness. In this chapter, we first describe some of the processing techniques for CMCs, followed by a description of some salient characteristics of CMCs regarding interface and mechanical properties and, in particular, the various possible toughness mechanisms, and finally a description of some applications of CMCs, including the SiC/SiC composites introduced in aircraft engines.

Krishan K. Chawla

Chapter 8. Carbon Fiber/Carbon Matrix Composites

Abstract

Carbon/carbon composites are special kind of composite that consists of carbon fibers embedded in a carbonaceous matrix. Carbon is an excellent high temperature material when used in an inert or nonoxidizing atmosphere. Potential high temperature applications call for 10 h to a few 1000 h at greater than 1000 °C and at times approaching 2200 °C. The major drawback of carbon is that it reacts with oxygen, forming gaseous oxides of carbon. In this chapter, we describe the processing, structure, properties of carbon fiber reinforced carbon composites. Applications of carbon/carbon composites are described.

Krishan K. Chawla

Chapter 9. Multifilamentary Superconducting Composites

Abstract

Superconductivity is a very important subject. What is important to realize is that we need multifilamentary composites to make it possible to make economically viable superconductors. Composite material aspects of niobium-based superconductors are described first in this chapter. We describe the processing, structure, and properties of the conventional and high-T_c superconductors. Both are truly multifilamentary metal matrix composites. Processing and structures of different superconducting composites, niobium–tin, niobium–titanium, and high-temperature ceramic superconducting composites, are described. Applications of these composites are described, in particular, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications.

Krishan K. Chawla

Part III

Frontmatter

Chapter 10. Micromechanics of Composites

Abstract

This chapter is devoted to micromechanics of composites. Properties such as density, mechanical properties, and elastic constants are described. Halpin–Tsai equations are described to predict the elastic constants. The subject matter of load transfer from the matrix to the fiber is explained. Thermal properties such as coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity are described. The important topic of thermal stresses in composites is described at length. The technique of micro-Raman spectroscopy to obtain the in situ straining of fiber in matrix is discussed.

Krishan K. Chawla

Chapter 11. Macromechanics of Composites

Abstract

This chapter is devoted to macromechanics of composites. Elastic constants of isotropic material and elastic constants of a lamina are described. Lamina properties are next. This is followed by a description of fiber reinforced laminated composites their constitutive relationships, force resultants, and moment resultants. Some special laminates (balanced laminate, symmetric laminate, antisymmetric laminate) are described. This is followed by a description of stresses and strains in laminates. The phenomenon of edge effects in fiber reinforced laminates is discussed.

Krishan K. Chawla

Chapter 12. Monotonic Strength and Fracture

Abstract

In this chapter, we describe the monotonic strength and fracture behavior of fiber reinforced composites at ambient temperatures. The term monotonic behavior means behavior under an applied stress that increases in one direction, i.e., not a cyclic loading condition. We discuss the behavior of composites under fatigue or cyclic loading as well as under conditions of creep in Chapter 13.

Krishan K. Chawla

Chapter 13. Fatigue and Creep

Abstract

Definition of cyclic fatigue is given. Stress versus cycles (S–N) curves are described. The temperature rise under fatigue cycling in PMC and CMC is described. This is followed by a discussion of fatigue crack propagation in composites. Fatigue of ceramic matrix composites as well as fatigue of particle and whisker reinforced composites is discussed. Damage mechanics of fatigue and thermal fatigue are described. The phenomenon of creep is introduced with basic equations: steady-state creep rate, creep in ceramic matrix composites, and creep in metal matrix composites are discussed.

Krishan K. Chawla

Chapter 14. Designing with Composites

Abstract

Designing with composites is different from that in monolithic materials. There are certain advantages of using composites in structural design. Fundamental characteristics of fiber reinforced composites are described. Design procedures for fiber reinforced composites are described.

Krishan K. Chawla

Chapter 15. Nonconventional Composites

Abstract

In this chapter, we describe some nonconventional composites: nanocomposites, self-healing composites, self-reinforced composites, laminates of different types, hybrid composites, and fiber metal laminates.

Krishan K. Chawla

Chapter 16. Repair and Recycling of Composites

Abstract

The subject of recovery and recycling of composites has assumed great importance since large-scale applications, especially in the aerospace and wind industries. Different repair techniques such as cosmetic repair, bolted repair, and bonded repair are described. This is followed by a description of different recycling techniques used for PMCs: mechanical recycling, thermal techniques, solvolysis, and microwave assisted recycling. Recycling of aluminum matrix composites and recycling of tungsten carbide particulate composites are described.

Krishan K. Chawla

Backmatter

Titel: Composite Materials
verfasst von: Prof. Krishan K. Chawla
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-28983-6
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-28982-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28983-6

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