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Erschienen in:
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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Privacy and Surveillance Surveyed

verfasst von : Ian Berle

Erschienen in: Face Recognition Technology

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter considers how surveillance modalities affect privacy. The modalities include government sanctioned CCTV or social networks, each of which create tensions and concerns between the data subject-citizen and the data processor.
The chapter focuses on the wide uses of surveillance and considers the sociological and philosophical responses to the burgeoning levels of surveillance and its effect on personal liberty, especially, when the prevailing political view that increased surveillance and subsequent incursions of personal liberty is a societal good. The chapter also concentrates on autonomy and related privacy issues that are associated with the acquisition of images or audio recordings by selected agencies and how those images or recordings are used or disseminated.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Some Ethical and Legal Issues of FRT
Nächstes Kapitel Autonomy, Liberty and Privacy
Fußnoten
1
Garfinkel (2000), p. 65.
 
2
Sullivan (2014).
 
3
Chesterman (2011), p. 12.
 
4
Gregory and Simon (2008) and El-Abed (2010).
 
5
Welinder (2012).
 
6
Lyon (2003, 2007).
 
7
Ibid (2003).
 
8
Brin (1998).
 
9
Lyon (2003), p. 15 op cit.
 
10
Agamben (2005).
 
11
Lyon (2003), p. 34 op cit.
 
12
Marx (1996), p. 40.
 
13
Lyon (2003), p. 45 op cit.
 
14
Tagg (1988).
 
15
Ibid, pp. 85–87.
 
16
Whitehead (2013).
 
17
Solove (2012).
 
18
Morrison (2015).
 
19
See Sect. 5.​3.
 
20
Notting Hill Carnival; Football Supporters.
 
21
See Solove (2011).
 
22
Ibid.
 
23
Ibid, p. 26.
 
24
Chesterman (2011), p. 4.
 
25
Ibid, p. 12.
 
26
Cited by Chesterman (2011).
 
27
USA PATRIOT Act: The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001. See Edgar (2017).
 
28
Agamben (2005) op cit.
 
29
Whitehead (2013) op cit.
 
30
However, more precisely, public CCTV for surveillance purposes is regulated by the Surveillance Camera Commissioner, who encourages compliance to the surveillance camera code of practice; but does not have any powers of enforcement, and any breaches of the code would likely breach human rights law and not data protection law. Moreover, CCTV in shops and company premises needs to comply with data protection law. Whether public CCTV is affected by the Human Rights Act 1998 is another matter that need not be of concern here. Ideally, the Canadian approach would address any contentious use of CCTV in public.
 
31
To be discussed.
 
32
Chesterman (2011), pp. 151–153 op cit.
 
33
Ibid, p. 242.
 
34
Warren and Brandeis (1890).
 
35
Chesterman (2011), p. 246 op cit.
 
36
Similarly, Solove (2011), pp. 24–25 op cit [succinctly notes that] “privacy can be invaded by the disclosure of your deepest secrets. It might also be invaded if you’re watched by a Peeping Tom, even if no secrets are ever revealed to anyone”.
 
37
Chesterman (2011), p. 250 op cit.
 
38
To be discussed in Chaps. 7 and 8.
 
39
Westin (1967).
 
40
Ibid, p. 31.
 
41
Gavison (1980), p. 423.
 
42
Nissenbaum (2010), p. 70.
 
43
Wacks (1989, revised 1993), p. 14.
 
44
See Dworkin (1988, reprinted 1997), p. 14.
 
45
Nissenbaum (2010) op cit.
 
46
Ibid, p. 231.
 
47
Dworkin (1988, reprinted 1997), p. 12 op cit.
 
48
Chesterman (2011), p. 251 op cit.
 
49
Solove (2011) op cit.
 
50
Ibid, pp. 100–101.
 
51
Whitehead (2013), p. 107 op cit.
 
52
Brin (1998), p. 334.
 
53
Schwartz and Solove (2014).
 
54
Brennan and Berle (2011), p. 146.
 
55
R v Loveridge.
 
56
Douglas & Anor v Northern and Shell Plc & Anor.
 
57
Roddy (a minor); Torbay Borough Council v News Group Newspapers. This case centred on whether a 17 year old, who had a child at 13, had reached a level of maturity to decide what was private. My italics.
 
58
Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998.
 
59
Von Hannover v Germany. My italics.
 
60
Bruggeman and Scheuten v Federal Republic of Germany.
 
61
Schwartz and Solove (2014) op cit. See Sect. 7.​4.
 
62
van der Ploeg (2005).
 
63
Solove (2011), pp. 157–161; pp. 167–170 op cit.
 
64
The ‘politicisation of bodily integrity’ is usually gender specific and relates to the women’s rights discourse. I have used the term to broaden its scope and apply it to the biometric discourse in terms of consent and self-determination, which resonates within the women’s rights discourse.
 
65
Mordini and Petrini (2007), p. 10.
 
66
See Agamben (2005).
 
67
Whitehead (2013) op cit, p. 125.
 
68
See Sect. 2.​2.
 
69
Whitehead (2013), p. 4 op cit.
 
70
Ibid, pp. 219–232.
 
71
Nelson (2011).
 
72
Ibid, p. 3.
 
73
The term ‘confluence’ is used to convey a mixture that cannot easily be separated.
 
Literatur
Agamben G (2005) State of exception (trans: Attell K). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London
Brennan P, Berle I (2011) The ethical and medical aspects of photo-documenting genital injury. In: Gall J, Payne-James J (eds) Current practice in forensic medicine. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, p 146
Brin D (1998) The transparent society: will technology force us to choose between privacy and freedom. Addison-Wesley, Reading
Chesterman S (2011) One nation under surveillance: a new social contract to defend freedom without sacrificing liberty. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 12
Dworkin G (1988, reprinted 1997) The theory and practice of autonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 14
Edgar TH (2017) Beyond Snowden: privacy, mass surveillance and the struggle to reform the NSA. Brookings Institution Press
Garfinkel S (2000) Database nation: the death of privacy in the 21st century. O’Reilly & Associates Inc, Sebastopol
Gregory P, Simon MA (2008) Biometrics for dummies. Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis
Lyon D (2003) (reprinted 2004 & 2008) Surveillance after September 11. Polity Press, Cambridge
Lyon D (2007) (reprinted 2011) Surveillance studies: an overview. Polity Press, Cambridge
Marx GT (1996) Ethics for the new surveillance. In: Bennett CJ, Grant R (eds) 1996 Visions of Privacy. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, p 40
Nelson LS (2011) America identified: biometric technology and society. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts
Nissenbaum H (2010) Privacy in context: technology, policy and the integrity of social life. Stanford University Press, Stanford, p 70
R v Loveridge, EWCA Crim 1034, [2001] 2 Cr App R 29 (2002)
Solove DJ (2011) Nothing to hide: the false trade off between privacy and security. Yale University Press, New Haven and London
Solove DJ (2012) Privacy self-management and the consent dilemma. Harv Law Rev 126:1880 (2013); GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2012-141; GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 2012-141. http://​ssrn.​com/​abstract=​2171018. Accessed 8 Aug 2019
Tagg J (1988) The burden of representation: essays on photographies and histories. Palgrave-Macmillan, BasingstokeCrossRef
Wacks R (1989) (revised 1993) Personal information: privacy and the law. Clarendon Press, Oxford, p 14
Westin AF (1967) Privacy and freedom. Bodley Head, London
Whitehead JW (2013) A government of wolves: the emerging American police state. Select Books Inc, New York
Metadaten
Titel
Privacy and Surveillance Surveyed
verfasst von
Ian Berle
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Buch
Face Recognition Technology

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36886-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-36887-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36887-6_4