nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Lignin as Potent Industrial Biopolymer: An Introduction

verfasst von : Swati Sharma, Abhishek Sharma, Sikandar I. Mulla, Deepak Pant, Tanvi Sharma, Ashok Kumar

Erschienen in: Lignin

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Lignin is a complex biological molecule and well known as a second abundant biopolymer on the planet. It also produced as a by-product of lignocellulosic biomass, paper and pulp industry. It has not been well explored for industrial applications due to its poor solubility and complex molecular structure. Hence, since last two decades, lignin has gained the attention of researchers as a raw material for the synthesis of value-added products of commercial importance. However, the major part of the lignin derived from the pulp industry is being utilized as boiler fuel. The efficacy of lignin produced from lignocellulosic-based bio-ethanol industry to synthesize the renewable polymeric material is much higher as compared to the lignin obtained from pulp industry. These days lignin has also been exploited to synthesize various chemicals like esters, ethers, bio-adhesives, biolubricants, foams, nano-particles and nano-composites. The excessive production of lignin from paper or bio-ethanol industry has also appeared as critical environmental problem. The conversion of huge amount of lignin will not only help to solve the environmental threat but also boost the bio-economy of bio-ethanol and paper industry. In this chapter, we highlight the sources, extraction of lignin and its immense industrial importance.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nächstes Kapitel Structure and Characteristics of Lignin

Alonso DM, Bond JQ, Dumesic JA (2010) Catalytic conversion of biomass to biofuels. Green Chem 12(9):1493–1513. https://doi.org/10.1039/C004654JCrossRef

Aro T, Fatehi P (2017) Production and application of lignosulfonates and sulfonated lignin. Chemsuschem 10(9):1861–1877. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700082CrossRefPubMed

Baptista C, Robert D, Duarte AP (2008) Relationship between lignin structure and delignification degree in Pinus pinaster kraft pulps. Bioresour Technol 99(7):2349–2356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.012CrossRefPubMed

Boudet A-M (2000) Lignins and lignification: selected issues. Plant Physiol Biochem 38:81–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00166-2CrossRef

Brook MA, Grande JB, Ganachaud F (2011) New synthetic strategies for structured silicones using B(C6F5)3. In: Muzafarov AM (ed) Silicon polymers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 161–183

Buranov AU, Mazza G (2008) Lignin in straw of herbaceous crops. Ind Crops Prod 28(3):237–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.03.008CrossRef

Cachet N, Camy S, Benjelloun-Mlayah B, Condoret J-S, Delmas M (2014) Esterification of organosolv lignin under supercritical conditions. Ind Crops Prod 58:287–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.03.039CrossRef

Campbell MM, Sederoff RR (1996) Variation in lignin content and composition (mechanisms of control and implications for the genetic improvement of plants). Plant Physiol 110(1):3–13. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.1.3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cateto CA, Barreiro MF, Ottati C, Lopretti M, Rodrigues AE, Belgacem MN (2014) Lignin-based rigid polyurethane foams with improved biodegradation. J Cell Plast 50(1):81–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021955x13504774CrossRef

Chandel C, Nadda A, Kanwar S (2011) Enzymatic synthesis of butyl ferulate by silica-immobilized lipase in a non-aqueous medium. J Biomater Nanobiotechnol 2:400–408CrossRef

Chen M, Sommer AJ, McClure JW (2000) Fourier transform–IR determination of protein contamination in thioglycolic acid lignin from radish seedlings, and improved methods for extractive-free cell wall preparation. Phytochem Anal 11(3):153–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1565(200005/06)11:3%3c153:aid-pca502%3e3.0.co;2-zCrossRef

Chen C, Zhu M, Li M, Fan Y, Sun R-C (2016) Epoxidation and etherification of alkaline lignin to prepare water-soluble derivatives and its performance in improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. Biotechnol Biofuels 9(1):87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0499-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chen J, Dong J, Yang G, He M, Xu F, Fatehi P (2018) A process for purifying xylosugars of pre-hydrolysis liquor from kraft-based dissolving pulp production process. Biotechnol Biofuels 11(1):337. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1336-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Czernik S, Bridgwater AV (2004) Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil. Energy Fuels 18(2):590–598. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef034067uCrossRef

de Gonzalo G, Colpa DI, Habib MH, Fraaije MW (2016) Bacterial enzymes involved in lignin degradation. J Biotechnol 236:110–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.08.011CrossRefPubMed

del Río JC, Prinsen P, Rencoret J, Nieto L, Jiménez-Barbero J, Ralph J, Gutiérrez A (2012a) Structural characterization of the lignin in the cortex and pith of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) stems. J Agric Food Chem 60(14):3619–3634. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf300099gCrossRefPubMed

del Río JC, Rencoret J, Prinsen P, Martínez ÁT, Ralph J, Gutiérrez A (2012b) Structural characterization of wheat straw lignin as revealed by analytical Pyrolysis, 2D-NMR, and reductive cleavage methods. J Agric Food Chem 60(23):5922–5935. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf301002nCrossRefPubMed

Delmas G-H, Benjelloun-Mlayah B, Bigot YL, Delmas M (2013) Biolignin™ based epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 127(3):1863–1872. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.37921CrossRef

Demirbaş A (2001) Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals. Energy Convers Manag 42(11):1357–1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(00)00137-0CrossRef

Dos Santos P, Erdocia X, Gatto DA, Labidi J (2015) Bio-oil from base-catalyzed depolymerization of organosolv lignin as an antifungal agent for wood. Wood Sci Technol 50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-015-0795-8

Fengel D, Wegener G (1984) Reactions in alkaline medium. Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reaction, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, pp 296–318

Fernández-Rodríguez J, Erdocia X, Hernández-Ramos F, Alriols MG, Labidi J (2019) Lignin separation and fractionation by ultrafiltration. In: Separation of functional molecules in food by membrane technology, Academic Press, pp 229–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-02808-2

Garcia-Perez M, Chaala A, Pakdel H, Kretschmer D, Roy C (2007) Characterization of bio-oils in chemical families. Biomass Bioenerg 31(4):222–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2006.02.006CrossRef

Gellerstedt G (2015) Softwood kraft lignin: raw material for the future. Ind Crops Prod 77:845–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.040CrossRef

Gellerstedt G, Henriksson G (2008) Lignins: major sources, structure and properties. In: Belgacem MN, Gandini A (eds) Monomers, polymers and composites from renewable resources. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 201–224 (Chap. 9)CrossRef

Gellerstedt G, Pranda J, Lindfors EL (1994) Structural and molecular properties of residual birch kraft lignins. J Wood Chem Technol 14(4):467–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773819408003108CrossRef

Ghorbani M, Konnerth J, Budjav E, Silva AR, Zinovyev G, Van Herwijnen HWG, Liebner F (2017) Ammoxidized fenton-activated pine kraft lignin accelerates synthesis and curing of resole resins. Polymers 9(2):43. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9020043CrossRefPubMedCentral

Gierer J (1985) Chemistry of delignification. Wood Sci Technol 19(4):289–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00350807CrossRef

Glasser WG (2019) About making lignin great again—some lessons from the past. Front Chem 7(565). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00565

Gominho J, Fernandez J, Pereira H (2001) Cynara cardunculus L.—a new fibre crop for pulp and paper production. Ind Crops Prod 13:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00044-3CrossRef

Graglia M, Kanna N, Esposito D (2015) Lignin refinery: towards the preparation of renewable aromatic building blocks. ChemBioEng Rev 2(6):377–392. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201500019CrossRef

Hagaman EW, Lee SK (1999) Acid-catalyzed cross-linking reactions at benzylic sites in fluorene monomers, polymers, and lignin¹. Energy Fuels 13(5):1006–1014. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef980269sCrossRef

Huang F, Singh PM, Ragauskas AJ (2011) Characterization of milled wood lignin (MWL) in loblolly pine stem wood, residue, and bark. J Agric Food Chem 59(24):12910–12916. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf202701bCrossRefPubMed

Jiang X, Ellis N, Zhong Z (2010) Characterization of pyrolytic lignin extracted from bio-oil. Chin J Chem Eng 18:1018–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1004-9541(09)60162-2CrossRef

Kai D, Tan MJ, Chee PL, Chua YK, Yap YL, Loh XJ (2016) Towards lignin-based functional materials in a sustainable world. Green Chem 18(5):1175–1200. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC02616DCrossRef

Keegstra K (2010) Plant cell walls. Plant Physiol 154(2):483–486. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.161240CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kishi H, Fujita A (2008) Wood-based epoxy resins and the ramie fiber reinforced composites. Environ Eng Manag J 7:517–523. https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2008.074CrossRef

Kishi H, Fujita A, Miyazaki H, Matsuda S, Murakami A (2006) Synthesis of wood-based epoxy resins and their mechanical and adhesive properties. J Appl Polym Sci 102(3):2285–2292. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.24433CrossRef

Kumar A, Kanwar SS (2011) Synthesis of ethyl ferulate in organic medium using celite-immobilized lipase. Bioresour Technol 102(3):2162–2167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.027CrossRefPubMed

Kumar A, Kanwar S (2012) An efficient immobilization of Streptomyces sp. STL-D8 lipase onto photo-chemically modified cellulose-based natural fibers and its application in ethyl ferulate synthesis. Trends Carbohydr Res 4:13–23

Kumar A, Sharma V, Sharma P, Kanwar SS (2013) Effective immobilisation of lipase to enhance esterification potential and reusability. Chem Pap 67(7):696–702. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-013-0377-xCrossRef

Kumar A, Zhang S, Wu G, Wu CC, Chen J, Baskaran R, Liu Z (2015) Cellulose binding domain assisted immobilization of lipase (GSlip-CBD) onto cellulosic nanogel: characterization and application in organic medium. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 136:1042–1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.11.006CrossRefPubMed

Li Y, Ragauskas AJ (2012) Kraft lignin-based rigid polyurethane foam. J Wood Chem Technol 32(3):210–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2011.652795CrossRef

Li C, Zhao X, Wang A, Huber GW, Zhang T (2015) Catalytic transformation of lignin for the production of chemicals and fuels. Chem Rev 115(21):11559–11624. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00155CrossRefPubMed

Lourenço A, Neiva D, Gominho J, Marques A, Pereira H (2015) Characterization of lignin in heartwood, sapwood and bark from Tectona grandis using Py–GC–MS/FID. Wood Sci Technol 49:159–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-014-0684-6CrossRef

Lourenço A, Rencoret J, Chemetova C, Gominho J, Gutiérrez A, del Río JC, Pereira H (2016) Lignin composition and structure differs between Xylem, Phloem and Phellem in Quercus suber L. Front Plant Sci 7(1612). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01612

Luo M, Lin H, Li B, Dong Y, He Y, Wang L (2018) A novel modification of lignin on corncob-based biochar to enhance removal of cadmium from water. Bioresour Technol 259:312–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.075CrossRefPubMed

Mahmood N, Yuan Z, Schmidt J, Tymchyshyn M, Xu C (2016) Hydrolytic liquefaction of hydrolysis lignin for the preparation of bio-based rigid polyurethane foam. Green Chem 18(8):2385–2398. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC02876KCrossRef

Marques G, Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, del Río J (2010) Evaluation of the chemical composition of different non-woody plant fibers used for pulp and paper manufacturing. Open Agric J 4:93–101. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874331501004010093CrossRef

Meng LY, Kang SUM, Zhang X, Yu-Ying WU, Sun RC (2012) Isolation and physico-chemical characterization of lignin from hybrid poplar in dmso/licl system induced by microwave-assisted irradiation. Cellul Chem Technol 46:409–418

Monteil-Rivera F, Paquet L (2015) Solvent-free catalyst-free microwave-assisted acylation of lignin. Ind Crops Prod 65:446–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.10.060CrossRef

Moura JC, Bonine CA, de Oliveira Fernandes Viana J, Dornelas MC, Mazzafera P (2010) Abiotic and biotic stresses and changes in the lignin content and composition in plants. J Integr Plant Biol 52(4):360–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00892.xCrossRefPubMed

Nevárez LAM, Casarrubias LB, Celzard A, Fierro V, Muñoz VT, Davila AC, Sánchez GG (2011) Biopolymer-based nanocomposites: effect of lignin acetylation in cellulose triacetate films. Sci Technol Adv Mater 12(4):045006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/12/4/045006CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Obaid N, Kortschot MT, Sain M (2016) 12—Lignin-based foaming materials. In: Faruk O, Sain M (eds) Lignin in polymer composites. William Andrew Publishing, pp 217–232

Oliveira L, Cordeiro N, Evtuguin D, Torres IC, Silvestre A (2007) Chemical composition of different morphological parts from ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ banana plant and their potential as a non-wood renewable source of natural product. Ind Crops Prod 26:163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.03.002CrossRef

Önnerud H (2003) Lignin structures in normal and compression wood. Evaluation by thioacidolysis using ethanethiol and methanethiol. Holzforschung 57:377–384. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2003.056CrossRef

Önnerud H, Gellerstedt G (2003) Inhomogeneities in the chemical structure of spruce lignin. Holzforschung 57:165–170. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2003.025CrossRef

Peng C, Zhang G, Yue J, Xu G (2014) Pyrolysis of lignin for phenols with alkaline additive. Fuel Process Technol 124:212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.02.025CrossRef

Pascoal Neto C, Seca A, Nunes AM, Coimbra MA, Domingues F, Evtuguin D, Silvestre A, Cavaleiro JAS (1997) Variations in chemical composition and structure of macromolecular components in different morphological regions and maturity stages of Arundo donax. Ind Crops Prod 6(1):51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(96)00205-1CrossRef

Pinto PC, Evtuguin DV, Pascoal Neto C (2005) Chemical composition and structural features of the macromolecular components of plantation Acacia mangium wood. J Agric Food Chem 53(20):7856–7862. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf058081bCrossRefPubMed

Radotić K, Mićić M (2016) Methods for extraction and purification of lignin and cellulose from plant tissues. Sample preparation techniques for soil, plant, and animal samples, Humana Press, New York, NY, pp 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3185-9_26

Rahimi A, Ulbrich A, Coon JJ, Stahl SS (2014) Formic-acid-induced depolymerization of oxidized lignin to aromatics. Nature 515(7526):249–252. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13867CrossRefPubMed

Ramesh K, Ashok K, Shamsher SK (2014). Synthesis of methyl succinate by natural-fibre immobilized lipase of Streptomyces sp. STL-D8. Curr Biotechnol 3(2):152–156. https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550102666140107232547

Regmi YN, Mann JK, McBride JR, Tao J, Barnes CE, Labbé N, Chmely SC (2017) Catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis of organosolv lignin using B-containing FeNi alloyed catalysts. Catal Today. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.051

Rößiger B, Unkelbach G, Pufky-Heinrich D (2018) Base-catalyzed depolymerization of lignin: history, challenges and perspectives. Lignin Trends Appl 21:99–120. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72964

Saisu M, Sato T, Watanabe M, Adschiri T, Arai K (2003) Conversion of lignin with supercritical water-phenol mixtures. Energy Fuels 17(4):922–928. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0202844CrossRef

Sánchez-Martín J, Beltrán-Heredia J, Delgado-Regaña A, Rodríguez-González MA, Rubio-Alonso F (2013) Optimization of tannin rigid foam as adsorbents for wastewater treatment. Ind Crops Prod 49:507–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.05.029CrossRef

Scholze B, Hanser C, Meier D (2001) Characterization of the water-insoluble fraction from fast pyrolysis liquids (pyrolytic lignin): Part II. GPC, carbonyl goups, and 13C-NMR. J Anal Appl Pyrol 58–59:387–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(00)00173-XCrossRef

Sena-Martins G, Almeida-Vara E, Duarte JC (2008) Eco-friendly new products from enzymatically modified industrial lignins. Ind Crops Prod 27:189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.07.016CrossRef

Sharma A, Kumar A, Meena K, Rana S, Singh M, Kanwar S (2017) Fabrication and functionalization of magnesium nanoparticle for lipase immobilization in n-propyl gallate synthesis. J King Saud University Sci 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2017.08.005

Sharma A, Sharma T, Meena KR, Kumar A, Kanwar SS (2018) High throughput synthesis of ethyl pyruvate by employing superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles-bound esterase. Process Biochem 71:109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2018.05.004CrossRef

Shatalov A, Pereira H (2005) Kinetics of organosolv delignification of fibre crop Arundo donax L. Ind Crops Prod 21:203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.04.010CrossRef

Sjöström E (1993) Wood chemistry: fundamentals and applications. Academic Press San Diego. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-03289-9

Szczurek A, Fierro V, Pizzi A, Stauber M, Celzard A (2014) A new method for preparing tannin-based foams. Ind Crops Prod 54:40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.01.012CrossRef

Tana T, Zhang Z, Beltramini J, Zhu H, Ostrikov K, Bartley J, Doherty W (2019) Valorization of native sugarcane bagasse lignin to bio-aromatic esters/monomers via a one pot oxidation–hydrogenation process. Green Chem 21(4):861–873. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8GC03655ACrossRef

Thielemans W, Wool RP (2005) Lignin esters for use in unsaturated thermosets: lignin modification and solubility modeling. Biomacromol 6(4):1895–1905. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0500345CrossRef

Tian D, Chandra RP, Lee JS, Lu C, Saddler JN (2017) A comparison of various lignin-extraction methods to enhance the accessibility and ease of enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulosic component of steam-pretreated poplar. Biotechnol Biofuels 10:157. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0846-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tondi G, Pizzi AP (2009) Tannin-based rigid foams: Characterization and modification. Ind Crops Prod 29:356–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.07.003CrossRef

vom Stein T, den Hartog T, Buendia J, Stoychev S, Mottweiler J, Bolm C, Klankermayer J, Leitner W (2015) Ruthenium-catalyzed C–C bond cleavage in lignin model substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 54(20):5859–5863. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201410620CrossRef

Wang H, Chen W, Zhang X, Wei Y, Zhang A, Liu S, Liu C (2018) Structural changes of bagasse dusring the homogeneous esterification with maleic anhydride in ionic liquid 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Polymers 10:433. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10040433CrossRefPubMedCentral

Xu C, Arancon RAD, Labidi J, Luque R (2014) Lignin depolymerisation strategies: towards valuable chemicals and fuels. Chem Soc Rev 43(22):7485–7500. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00235KCrossRefPubMed

Zakzeski J, Bruijnincx PCA, Jongerius AL, Weckhuysen BM (2010) The catalytic valorization of lignin for the production of renewable chemicals. Chem Rev 110(6):3552–3599. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900354uCrossRefPubMed

Zhang Y-HP (2011) What is vital (and not vital) to advance economically-competitive biofuels production. Process Biochem 46:2091–2110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2011.08.005CrossRef

Zhang J, Fleury E, Brook MA (2015) Foamed lignin–silicone bio-composites by extrusion and then compression molding. Green Chem 17(9):4647–4656. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC01418BCrossRef

Zhao X, Zhang Y, Wei L, Hu H, Huang Z, Mei Y, Huang A, Wu J, Feng Z (2017) Esterification mechanism of lignin with different catalysts based on lignin model compounds by mechanical activation-assisted solid-phase synthesis. RSC Adv 7(83):52382–52390. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA10482KCrossRef

Zhu JY, Pan XJ, Wang GS, Gleisner R (2009) Sulfite pretreatment (SPORL) for robust enzymatic saccharification of spruce and red pine. Bioresour Technol 100(8):2411–2418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.10.057CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Lignin as Potent Industrial Biopolymer: An Introduction
verfasst von: Swati Sharma
Abhishek Sharma
Sikandar I. Mulla
Deepak Pant
Tanvi Sharma
Ashok Kumar
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Lignin
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-40662-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-40663-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_1

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht