Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
ATZ-Fachkongress

Chassis.tech plus 2024


4 Kongresse in einer Veranstaltung

Treffen Sie in München die Fachleute von Chassis, Lenkung, Bremsen sowie Reifen/Räder.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben

Open Access 2020 | Open Access | Buch

Buchtitelbild

Foundations of Multi-Paradigm Modelling for Cyber-Physical Systems

herausgegeben von: Prof. Paulo Carreira, Ph.D. Vasco Amaral, Ph.D. Hans Vangheluwe

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Inhaltsverzeichnis
insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This open access book coherently gathers well-founded information on the fundamentals of and formalisms for modelling cyber-physical systems (CPS). Highlighting the cross-disciplinary nature of CPS modelling, it also serves as a bridge for anyone entering CPS from related areas of computer science or engineering.

Truly complex, engineered systems—known as cyber-physical systems—that integrate physical, software, and network aspects are now on the rise. However, there is no unifying theory nor systematic design methods, techniques or tools for these systems. Individual (mechanical, electrical, network or software) engineering disciplines only offer partial solutions. A technique known as Multi-Paradigm Modelling has recently emerged suggesting to model every part and aspect of a system explicitly, at the most appropriate level(s) of abstraction, using the most appropriate modelling formalism(s), and then weaving the results together to form a representation of the system. If properly applied, it enables, among other global aspects, performance analysis, exhaustive simulation, and verification.

This book is the first systematic attempt to bring together these formalisms for anyone starting in the field of CPS who seeks solid modelling foundations and a comprehensive introduction to the distinct existing techniques that are multi-paradigmatic. Though chiefly intended for master and post-graduate level students in computer science and engineering, it can also be used as a reference text for practitioners.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
PDF

Open Access

Chapter 1. Multi-Paradigm Modelling for Cyber-Physical Systems: Foundations
Abstract
Modeling and analysis of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is an inherently multi-disciplinary endeavour. Anyone starting in this field will unavoidably face the need for a literature reference that delivers solid foundations. Although, in specific disciplines, many techniques are used already as a matter of standard practice, their fundamentals and application are typically far from practitioners of another area. Overall, practitioners tend to use the technique that they are most familiar with, disregarding others that would be adequate for the problem at hand. The inherent cross-disciplinary nature of CPS requires distinct modelling techniques to be employed, thus prompting for a common background formalism that enables communication between all specialities. However, to this date, no such single super-formalism exists to support the multiple dimensions of the design of a CPS. Indeed, to effectively design a CPS, engineers (in the role of modellers) either need to be versed in multiple formalisms, or a fundamentally new modelling approach has to emerge. Herein, we motivate Multi-Paradigm Modelling of CPS (MPM4CPS), introducing fundamental definitions and terminology regarding CPS modelling and Multi-Paradigm, and finally, laying the ground for the rest of the book.
Paulo Carreira, Vasco Amaral, Hans Vangheluwe
PDF

Open Access

Chapter 2. Bond Graphs: A Unifying Framework for Modelling of Physical Systems
Abstract
This chapter introduces a formalism to model the dynamic behaviour of physical systems known as bond graphs. A important property of this formalism is that systems from different domains (cf. electrical, mechanical, hydraulical, acoustical, thermodynamical, material) are described in the same way an integrated under the unifying concept of energy exchange. Bond graph models are directed graphs where parts are interconnected by bonds, along which exchange of energy occurs. We present a method to systematically build a bond graph starting from an ideal physical model and present methods to perform the causal analysis of bond graphs and procedures to generate equations to enable simulation.
Jan F. Broenink
PDF

Open Access

Chapter 3. Modelica: Equation-Based, Object-Oriented Modelling of Physical Systems
Abstract
The field of equation-based object-oriented modelling languages and tools continues its success and expanding usage all over the world primarily in engineering and natural sciences but also in some cases social science and economics. The main properties of such languages, of which Modelica is a prime example, are: acausal modelling with equations, multi-domain modelling capability covering several application domains, object-orientation supporting reuse of components and evolution of models, and architectural features facilitating modelling of system architectures including creation and connection of components. This enables ease of use, visual design of models with combination of lego-like predefined model building blocks, ability to define model libraries with reusable components enables. This chapter gives an introduction and overview of Modelica as the prime example of an equation-based object-oriented language.
Peter Fritzson
PDF

Open Access

Chapter 4. Causal-Block Diagrams: A Family of Languages for Causal Modelling of Cyber-Physical Systems
Abstract
The description of a complex system in terms of constituent components and their interaction is one of the most natural and intuitive ways of decomposition. Causal Block Diagram (CBD) models combine subsystem blocks in a network of relationships between input signals and output signals. Popular modelling and simulation tools such as Matlab/Simulink® implement different variants from the family of Causal Block Diagram formalisms. This chapter gives an overview of modelling and simulation of systems with software and physical components using Causal Block Diagrams. It describes the syntax and - both declarative and operational - semantics of CBDs incrementally. Starting from simple algebraic models (no notion of time), we introduce, first a discrete notion of time (leading to discrete-time CBDs) and subsequently, a continuous notion of time (leading to continuous-time CBDs). Each new variant builds on the previous ones. Because of the heavy dependency of CBDs on numerical techniques, we give an intuitive introduction to this important field, pointing out main solutions as well as pitfalls.
Cláudio Gomes, Joachim Denil, Hans Vangheluwe
PDF

Open Access

Chapter 5. DEVS: Discrete-Event Modelling and Simulation for Performance Analysis of Resource-Constrained Systems
Abstract
DEVS is a popular formalism for modelling complex dynamic systems using a discrete-event abstraction. At this abstraction level, a timed sequence of pertinent “events” input to a system (or internal, in the case of timeouts) cause instantaneous changes to the state of the system. Between events, the state does not change, resulting in a piecewise constant state trajectory. Main advantages of DEVS are its rigorous formal definition, and its support for modular composition. This chapter introduces the Classic DEVS formalism in a bottom-up fashion, using a simple traffic light example. The syntax and operational semantics of Atomic (i.e., non-hierarchical) models are introduced first. The semantics of Coupled (hierarchical) models is then given by translation into Atomic DEVS models. As this formal “flattening” is not efficient, a modular abstract simulator which operates directly on the coupled model is also presented. This is the common basis for subsequent efficient implementations.We continue to actual applications of DEVS modelling and simulation, as seen in performance analysis for queueing systems. Finally, we present some of the shortcomings in the Classic DEVS formalism, and show solutions to them in the form of variants of the original formalism.
Yentl Van Tendeloo, Hans Vangheluwe
PDF

Open Access

Chapter 6. Statecharts: A Formalism to Model, Simulate and Synthesize Reactive and Autonomous Timed Systems
Abstract
Statecharts, introduced by David Harel in 1987, is a formalism used to specify the behaviour of timed, autonomous, and reactive systems using a discrete-event abstraction. It extends Timed Finite State Automata with depth, orthogonality, broadcast communication, and history. Its visual representation is based on higraphs, which combine graphs and Euler diagrams. Many tools offer visual editing, simulation, and code synthesis support for the Statechart formalism. Examples include STATEMATE, Rhapsody, Yakindu, and Stateflow, each implementing different variants of Harel’s original semantics. This tutorial introduces modelling, simulation, and testing with Statecharts. As a running example, the behaviour of a digital watch, a simple yet sufficiently complex timed, autonomous, and reactive system is modelled. We start from the basic concepts of states and transitions and explain the more advanced concepts of Statecharts by extending the example incrementally. We discuss several semantic variants, such as STATEMATE and Rhapsody. We use Yakindu to model the example system.
Simon Van Mierlo, Hans Vangheluwe
PDF

Open Access

Chapter 7. Petri Nets: A Formal Language to Specify and Verify Concurrent Non-Deterministic Event Systems
Abstract
The study of concurrent and parallel systems has been a challenging research domain within cyberphysical systems community. This chapter provides a pragmatic introduction to the creation and analysis of such system models using the popular Petri nets formalism. Petri nets is a formalism that convinces through its simplicity and applicability.We offer an overview of the most important Petri nets concepts, analysis techniques and model checking approaches. Finally, we show the use of so-called High-level Petri nets for the representation of complex data structures and functionality and present a novel research approach that allows the use of Petri nets inside Functional Mock-up Units and cyber-physical system models.
Didier Buchs, Stefan Klikovits, Alban Linard
PDF

Open Access

Chapter 8. AADL: A Language to Specify the Architecture of Cyber-Physical Systems
Abstract
This chapter is devoted to formalisms for describing system architectures, and in particular to the Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL). AADL is an Architecture Description Language (ADL) well suited for the modelling of embedded and cyber-physical systems. The architecture is central in Multi- Paradigm modelling for Cyber-Physical Systems as it provides a description of the overall system and the environment into which it will operate. From such description, other models of other languages and formalisms such as those described in this book can be generated and augmented to study other aspects of the system, which is essential for its validation and verification. After a brief introduction to ADLs and their role in MPM4CPS, the AADL will be presented and its use illustrated with the modelling, analysis and code generation for a simple Lego Mindstorm robot for carrying objects in a warehouse. A simple top-down architecture-centric design process will be followed starting from the capture of stakeholder goals and system requirements followed by system design, design analysis and verification and finally automated code generation.
Dominique Blouin, Etienne Borde
PDF

Open Access

Chapter 9. FTG+PM: Describing Engineering Processes in Multi-Paradigm Modelling
Abstract
Model-based System Engineering (MBSE) is a methodology that uses models throughout the engineering to replace the paper-based approach of communication among stakeholders. Multi-Paradigm Modelling (MPM) is at the core of this engineering approach as for each phase in the engineering process the most appropriate models at the most appropriate levels of abstraction is used. A design process includes a set of activities in which the design decisions or evaluations of the (sub-) system properties are done. Furthermore, the design artifacts are transformed by the design activities.We can define transformations as the manipulation of a model with a specific purpose. MPM approaches do not have a standard way of representing processes. A process model for MPM should focus on the languages, model instances and transformations between these models at different levels of abstraction. In this chapter, we propose the Formalism Transformation Graph and Process Model (FTG+PM) as a standard representation of MPM processes. The described process can be simulated for analysis and orchestration, as a set of (automatic) transformations.
Moharram Challenger, Ken Vanherpen, Joachim Denil, Hans Vangheluwe
PDF
Backmatter
PDF
Metadaten
Titel
Foundations of Multi-Paradigm Modelling for Cyber-Physical Systems
herausgegeben von
Prof. Paulo Carreira
Ph.D. Vasco Amaral
Ph.D. Hans Vangheluwe
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-43946-0
Print ISBN
978-3-030-43945-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43946-0

Premium Partner

    Bildnachweise