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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Relevance of the Multilateral WTO Agreements

verfasst von : Rika Koch

Erschienen in: Green Public Procurement under WTO Law

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The lack of jurisprudence under the specific public procurement framework legislation makes it necessary to use general WTO jurisprudence as the only guideline to make assumptions on how to interpret the GPA in case of conflict. This chapter therefore analyzes GPP through the lens of general WTO law. It scrutinizes the various forms of non-discrimination principles in different WTO agreements, focusing on the scope for environmental policy measures. A special focus lies on the assessment of the public procurement derogation enshrined in the GATT/GATS, illustrating the latest development of WTO jurisprudence and providing a critical assessment of the precedence set in the Canada – Renewable Energy Case.

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Vorheriges Kapitel GPP and International Trade Regulation

Nächstes Kapitel Government Procurement Agreement

Cottier / Oesch, 142.

See ex multis, Diebold, 17.

Cottier / Oesch, 142.

See ex multis, ABR, Korea – Beef, para. 135 et seqq; PR, United States – Chapter 337; paras 5.11–513, PR, US – Gasoline, para. 6.10 et seqq; Diebold, 19.

For a detailed analysis of de facto discrimination in WTO Law see Diebold, 37 et seqq. and Ehring, passim.

See for example ABR, EC–Bananas, AB, Canada–Automobiles, all the alcoholic beverages cases, ABR, EC – Asbestos; Diebold, 19.

Ehring, 922.

See this chapter and Chap. 6.

For a detailed description and a critique of the likeness and substitutability test see Ehring, 972.

See within the context of GPP below, Sect. 6.4.3.

Blank / Marceau, passim.

Article II GATS on MFN.

Article XVI GATS on “Market Access”.

Article XVII GATS on “National Treatment”.

Hoekman / Mavroidis, 332, fn 27.

Article III:8 GATT refers to “this Article”, addressing Article III GATT on national treatment.

Arrowsmith 2003, 61–68; Jackson 2000, 63, not as explicitly Marceau / Blank, 36–37; Dawar, 17, presents a minority position, taking the view that an extension of the derogation to Article I.1 GATT would be “opaque and convoluted”.

In cases where an interpretation based on the wording of a provision remains “ambiguous or obscure”, Article 32 VCLT allows to take recourse to supplementary means, such as the preparatory works of the respective agreement.

Arrowsmith 2003, 63; Jackson 2000, 63; Marceau / Blank, passim.

According to the ABR in Japan – Alcoholic Beverages, 12–13, subsequent practice occurs when there is a “concordant, common and consistent” sequence of acts that are sufficient to establish a discernible pattern implying the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation.

Arrowsmith 2003, 63; Marceau / Blank, 37.

See e.g. Cosbey / Mavroidis, passim; Weber / Koch 2015a, passim; Shadikhodjaev, passim.

The one exception being Davies, passim, who strongly criticizes the competitive relationship requirement established by the Appellate Body.

Davies, para. 5.59.

ABR, Canada – Renewable Energy, para. 5.58.

Ibid., para. 5.74.

Ibid., para 5.68.

Ibid., para. 5.71.

See also Corvaglia 2017, 108.

Davies, 546–547.

See ABR, India – Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells, WT/DS456/AB/R, circulated on 16 September 2016 [India – Solar Panels], 6.2.

Weber 2017, 358.

The ASCM Agreement does not apply to trade in service and there is no regulation of subsidies under the GATS.

See e.g. Cosbey / Mavroidis, passim.

PR, Canada –Aircraft, para. 9.112, as upheld by ABR, Canada –Aircraft, para. 157, emphasis added.

PR, Canada –Aircraft, para. 9.112, as upheld by the ABR, para. 157.

The Appellate Body in Canada – Renewable Energy stated in para. 5.188: “A distinction should be drawn between, on the one hand, government interventions that create markets that would otherwise not exist and, on the other hand, other types of government interventions in support of certain players in markets that already exist or to correct market distortions therein. Where a government creates a market, it cannot be said that the government intervention distorts the market, as there would not be a market if the government would not have created it.”

ABR, Canada – Renewable Energy, 5.241.

Arrowsmith 2003, 85.

See Cosbey / Mavroidis, passim; Weber / Koch 2015a, passim.

Annex 1.1 TBT defines “technical regulations” as “document which lays down product characteristics or their related processes and production methods, including the applicable administrative provisions, with which compliance is mandatory (…).”

Annex 1.2 TBT defines “standards” as “Document approved by a recognized body that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for products or related processes and production methods, with which compliance is not mandatory (…).”

Annex 1.3 TBT defines “conformity assessment” as “any procedure used, directly or indirectly, to determine that relevant requirements in technical regulations or standards are fulfilled (…).”

Article 1.4 TBT states that: “Purchasing specifications prepared by governmental bodies for production or consumption requirements of governmental bodies are not subject to the provisions of this Agreement but are addressed in the Agreement on Government Procurement, according to its coverage.”

Arrowsmith 2003, 324.

Ibid., 77.

See next chapter.

Davies, 553.

This also raises questions with regard to the relationship between the GATT and the GPA. What if a GPA Signatory States has excluded certain sectors from the GPA but is still accountable for it under the GATT? This is still open to speculations and will have to be clarified by future negotiations and/or jurisprudence.

Titel: Relevance of the Multilateral WTO Agreements
verfasst von: Rika Koch
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Green Public Procurement under WTO Law
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-48213-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-48214-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48214-5_5

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