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2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Public Purpose

verfasst von : Daniel W. Ambaye

Erschienen in: Land Rights and Expropriation in Ethiopia

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Although expropriation may fall in one of the three theories of reserved right, inherent power, or consent, as discussed in Chap. 3, its exercise is restricted by two important limitations: public purpose requirement and payment of compensation.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Expropriation Procedure

Nächstes Kapitel Valuation and Compensation During Expropriation

Berger, L. 1977. The Public Use Requirement in Eminent Domain. Or. L. Rev., 57. p. 204; Harrington, supra note 6 in Chap. 3, p. 1247.

See the U.S. Constitution Fifth Amendment; Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 of European Human Right Treaty; and the FDRE Constitution respectively.

C.J.S., supra note 11 in Chap. 3, Section 29.

Id.

Herring, P. 1968. Public Interest. In: Sills, D. L. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. USA: The Macmillan Company & The Free Press. pp. 170–175.

Ibid.

Black’s Law Dictionary.

Epstein, supra note 175 in Chap. 3, p. 165.

Article 3207 of the Ethiopian Civil Code states: “Any activity which a public community has decided to perform for the reason that it has deemed it to be necessary in the general interest and considered that private initiative was inadequate for carrying it out shall constitute a public service.”

Stiglitz, J. E. & Driffill, J. 2000. Economics, New York and London, W. W. Norton & Company. p. 124.

Bhatia, H. L. 2003. Public Finance, Mumbai, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd. pp. 3–4.

Epstein, supra note 175 in Chap. 3, p. 167.

Ibid.

Id., p. 168.

See, for example, Article 3224 of the Ethiopian Civil Code where it is dictated that neither the Administrative authorities nor the company that gets concession agreement to run public service activities (such as railway) shall put measures discriminating between the users and destroy the equality of treatment of the latter.

Epstein, supra note 175 in Chap. 3, p. 168.

See generally Nichols, P., supra note 3 in Chap. 4.

Haddad, N. W. 2006. Public Use or Private Benefit? The Post-Kelo Intersection of Religious Land Use and the Public Use Doctrine. Fordham L. Rev., 75, 1105. p. 1111.

Ibid.

Lewis, Eminent Domain. Section 258 as quoted in Comments 1956. What Use is a Public Use in Eminent Domain? St. Louis U. L. J, 4, 316. p. 517.

Berger, supra note 1, p. 210; See also 36 Cal. App. 556, 178. p. 153.

Comments 1948–1949, supra note 30 in Chap. 3, p. 603.

Berger, supra note 1, p. 205.

Crabtree, S. 1983. Public Use in Eminent Domain: Are There Limits After Oakland Raiders and Poletown? Cal. W. L. Rev., 20, 82. p. 86.

C.J.S., supra note 11 in Chap. 3, Section 29.

Berger, supra note 1, p. 213.

348 U.S. 26 (1954) Berman is often cited to support the proposition that the elimination of blight alone is sufficient to qualify as a public use and thereby to eliminate the speared of all evils that comes with blight.

Id., p. 31.

Id., p. 33–34.

467 U.S. 229 (1984). It aimed to reduce the concentration of land ownership in the hands of landlords by providing for the condemnation of privately held land and transferring ownership of the condemned land to existing lessees. The Court upheld the Act, finding that the elimination of the harms associated with land oligopolies served a valid public purpose.

Mikkelsen, S. D. 2006. Eminent Domain after Kelo v. City Of New London: Compensating for the Supreme Court’s Refusal to Enforce the Fifth Amendment. Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy Sidbar 2, 11. p. 16.

Garnett, N. S. 2003. The Public-Use Question as a Takings Problem. Geo. Wash. L. Rev., 71, 934. p. 940.

Jones, S. D. 2006. That Land Is Your Land, This Land Is My Land … Until the Local Government Can Turn It for a Profit: A Critical Analysis of Kelo v. City of New London. BYU Journal of Public Law, 20, 139. p. 149.

545 U.S. 469 (2005).

Ibid.

Id., p. 473.

Id, p. 484.

Mikkelsen, supra note 32, p. 14.

Merrill and Smith, supra note 2 in Chap. 2, p. 244.

Mikkelsen, supra note 32, p. 17.

Somin, I. 2010. The Limits of Backlash: Assessing the Political Response to Kelo. In: Benson, B. L. (ed.) Property Rights: Eminent Domain and Regulatory Takings Re-Examined New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 101; see also the detail assessment of these legislation in Dana, D. A. 2007. The Law and Expressive Meaning of Condemning the Poor After Kelo. Nw. U. L. Rev, 101, 365.

Council-of-Europe 1952. Protocol No. 1 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Paris.

See also the European Court’s decision on Sporrong and Lönnroth v Sweden (1982) as quoted in Green, supra note 86 in Chap. 3, p. 532. The court adopts the same interpretation.

Kalbro, T. 2003. Private Compulsory Purchase and the Public Interest. In: Kalbro, T. (ed.) Urban Land Management: Papers on Property Development and Compulsory Purchase. Stockholm: KTH, pp. 51–53.

Aubry and Rau, supra note 1 in Chap. 2, p. 192.

Ibid.

Picard, supra note 76 in Chap. 3, p. 43.

Allen, T. 2008. Control Over the Use and Abuse of Eminent Domain in England: A Comparative View. In: Malloy, R. P. (ed.) Private Property, Community Development, and Eminent Domain. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited, p. 78.

Ibid.

Id., p. 80.

For example in England, in addition to fair market value, owners are also provided with “loss payment” of 10 % for residential houses and 7.5 % for business. (See Id. p. 84). In Sweden, an additional 25 % of the market value is paid to meet the expectation of the person who lost his land (see Swedish legislation infra note 55 in Chap. 6).

Pound, R. 1939. The Law of Property and Recent Juristic Thought. A.B.A.J., 25, 993–998. p. 995.

Article 1460: Expropriation proceedings are proceedings whereby the competent authorities compel an owner to surrender the ownership of an immovable required by such authorities for public purposes.

Black’s Law Dictionary.

Awotash-Alemu. 2003. The Impact of Expropriation on Investment: the Case of Ethiopia. Unpublished Senior thesis, Law Faculty, Addis Ababa University. p. 32.

Kitay, supra note 14 in Chap. 3, p. 40.

Appropriation of Land for Government Works and Payment of Compensation for Property Proclamation, Proclamation 401/2004. Negarit Gazeta. Year 10, No. 42. Article 2(2).

Article 2(15) of Amhara RLAUP defines “Public Service” as “a service given to the public directly or indirectly, such as government office, school, health service, market service, road, religious institutions, military camps, and the likes, and includes activities assumed important to the development of people by the Regional Government and to be implemented on the rural land.”

Article 2(5) of Proclamation 455/2005.

FDRE Urban Planning Proclamation, Proclmation No. 574/2008. Negarit Gazeta. Year 14, No. 29, Article 9(1).

Id., Articles 12 and 14.

Id., Article 9(2).

In 2002 the Ethiopian government passed a 2002/2003–2004/2005 medium term development program/plan called “Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program” (SDPRP). Then it adopted another 2005/2006–2009/2010 plan called “Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty” (PASDEP).

MOFED 2010. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP): 2010/2011–2014/2015. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. p. 22.

Ibid.

Id., p. 59.

Id., p. 49.

Id., p. 58.

Id., pp. 68–70.

The Awakening of a sleeping giant, African Review, December 14, 2012, available: http://www.africareview.com/Special-Reports/The-awakening-of-a-sleeping-giant/-/979182/1643668/-/sn8vxlz/-/index.html#commentsAnchor.

Johnson, C. 1999. The Developmental State: Odyssey of a Concept. In: Woo-Cumings, M. (ed.) The Developmental State. New York: Cornell University Press, pp. 37–40.

FDRE Investment Proclamation, Proclmation No. 769/2012. Negarit Gazeta. Year 18, No. 63, 31.

This news was published in many news outlets including the webpage of the Ethiopian Embassy to the European Union: http://ethiopiaembassy.eu/ethiopia-allocates-5130-hectares-for-industrial-zones/; also see Addis Fortune of December 25, 2012, available: http://addisfortune.net/s/the-first-ethiopian-industrial-zone-to-be-ready-for-south-korean-investors-in-january/.

Published in the Reporter (Amharic), Dec. 26, 2012, vol. 18, No. 17, available: http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/news/293-news/8979-2012-12-26-06-21-45.html; Addis Fortune, Vol. 13, No. 661, http://addisfortune.net/s/new-agency-likely-to-administer-land-for-agricultural-investment/.

See for example, the Preamble and Article 5 of the Investment Proclamation, supra note 74.

UN-Habitat, supra note 142 in Chap. 2, p. 12.

Interview with Ato Adem, supra note 30 in Chap. 1.

FDRE Urban Planning Proclamation, supra note 59 in Chap. 6, Article 40(1).

Id., Article 41.

Id., Article 43.

AACA 2012. Addis Abbeba: Ye2003 Ametawi Metsihaf (Addis Ababa: 2011/12 Year Book). Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa City Administration Communication Affaira Bureau.

Rights of Way Claims 10pc of AACRA’s Budget Last Year, Addis Fortune, Aug. 5, 2012, vol. 13, No. 640, http://www.addisfortune.com/Vol_13_No_640_Archive_Rights of Way Claims 10pc of AACRA’s Budget Last Year.htm; Also see: http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/news/293-news/7357-----157-----.htm.

Ibid.

Reporter May, 12, 2012 http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/news/293-news/6340-2012-05-16-06-34-47.html.

Interview made with Ato Addisu Begashaw, supra note 34 in Chap. 4.

See the data of the Central Statistics Agency that shows the tenfold population increase in some major cities.

Forced evictions (Expropriations) are particularly common in rural areas of China, and are a major source of unrest and public protest (http://www.economist.com/node/4462719). By some estimates, up to 65 % of the 180,000 annual “mass incidents” in China stem from grievances over forced evictions (http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/2012/02/07/a-land-grab-epidemic-chinas-wonderful-world-of-wukans/). Citizens who resist or protest the evictions have reportedly been subjected to harassment, beatings, or detention.

About 100 ha of land was given around Bahir Dar city in 2007/2008, which is still idle.

Interview with Ato Teshome, Oromia Region, supra note 29 in Chap. 4.

Chat is a mild narcotic leaf widely used in East African countries and in Yemen. Although it is not illegal to chew Chat in Ethiopia, it is nonetheless considered as immoral and government does not encourage growers, among others, by giving land for such kind of investment. For this reason, Chat growers rely on land rent that is contracted with farmers.

http://www.sheratonaddis.con.

The story was related to the researcher by Ato Yalew Abate, former head of the ANRS Urban Works and Development Bureau in May 2011.

See the full discussion of the case in Daniel W. Ambaye, supra note 196 in Chap. 2, p. 27.

Interview made with Ato Sintayehu Dires, head of Land Administration Work Flow, ANRS Bureau of Environmental Protection Land Administration and Use (BoEPLAU), December 26, 2012.

See Article 11 of the Expropriation Proclamation No. 455/2005; Article 40 of Amhara Compensation Directive.

FDRE Constitution, Article 79(1).

Black’s Law Dictionary.

100

Ibid.

101

Ethiopian Civil Procedure Code. Negarit Gazeta-Extraordinary. Decree No. 52/1965, Year 25, No. 3. Article 15(2), (e).

102

One ideal case is the case of Tsegaye Meseret et al. v. Federal Roads Authority in which 79 plaintiffs challenged an expropriation of their land by the defendant on two counts: absence of public purpose and denial of compensation. The defendant expropriated 130,777 m² of land in order to expand its drivers training center. Plaintiffs complained that it was not amount to public purpose. But the courts simply rejected it because the decision was approved by the Ministry of Urban Works and Development. Even the Cassation Court, the highest appellate court, did not try to investigate whether it could be done through other ways, whether it was really necessary, whether it was more important compared to the displacement of 79 people and so on (See Federal Supreme Court Cassation Division, Cass. File No. 50810, October 2010).

Titel: Public Purpose
verfasst von: Daniel W. Ambaye
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Land Rights and Expropriation in Ethiopia
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-14638-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-14639-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14639-3_5

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