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2016 | Buch

Researching Entrepreneurship

Conceptualization and Design

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Über dieses Buch

In this book, one of the most highly recognized entrepreneurship scholars shares in a personal and readable way his rich experience and ideas on how entrepreneurship can be researched. Entrepreneurship is a phenomenon of tremendous societal importance. It is also an elusive phenomenon, which makes researching it fun, fascinating—and frustrating at times. In this fully updated edition, numerous real examples accompany the treatment of problems and solutions concerning design, sampling, operationalization and analysis.

Researching Entrepreneurship is targeted primarily at research students and academics who are relatively new to research or to entrepreneurship research. This said, basic knowledge of research methods is assumed, and when foundational issues are discussed they are typically approach from a non-standard angle and/or with an eye to illuminate entrepreneurship-specific problems and solutions. This makes large parts of the contents potentially valuable for entrepreneurship scholars at any level of research proficiency. The book is also of interest to sophisticated, non-academic users with a professional interest in collecting and analyzing data from emerging and young ventures, and to those who make use of published entrepreneurship research. For example, analysts in marketing research or consultancy firms, business associations, statistical agencies and other government offices may find this book to be a valuable tool. Moreover, while the examples are derived from entrepreneurship research, the book provides a unique "experienced empirical researcher" (rather than "textbook method expert") treatment of issues that are of equal relevance across the social sciences. This goes for topics like the role of theory; research design; validity assessment; statistical inference, and replication.

Entrepreneurship research has developed rapidly in the decade that has passed since the first edition. Therefore, all chapters have been comprehensively updated and many have been extended; sometimes to twice the original length. Two of the original chapters have been excluded to make room for entirely new chapters on “the Dependent Variable” and “The Entrepreneurship Nexus.” While retaining a unique, personal tone, the author uses examples and references that build on contributions from a large number of top entrepreneurship researchers.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
1. What Is Entrepreneurship?
Abstract
What is entrepreneurship? To do research on entrepreneurship, we first need to decide what we mean by that term. A challenge here is that entrepreneurship has many definitions and connotations. As a societal phenomenon, this chapter proposes that entrepreneurship be defined as the competitive behaviors that drive the market process, alternatively phrased as the introduction of new economic activity that leads to change in the marketplace. The chapter elaborates on the advantages and implications of this choice of perspective.
Per Davidsson
2. Entrepreneurship as a Research Domain
Abstract
What is entrepreneurship research? Entrepreneurship as a research domain cannot be restricted to proven cases of entrepreneurship as defined in Chap. 1. This is because in order to understand the societal phenomenon as defined in Chap. 1, the research domain needs to understand also the choice not to engage in entrepreneurship and the reasons for failure to succeed at it. Combining ideas from prior literature, this chapter develops and discusses a delineation of the entrepreneurship research domain, focusing on the process of (completed or aborted) emergence of new economic ventures across organizational contexts.
Per Davidsson
3. This Thing Called “Theory”
Abstract
How and why can theory help us understand entrepreneurial phenomena? The contemplative nature of theory may seem antithetical to the bold action associated with entrepreneurship. Theory is important in research because it is the abstracted and reflected sensemaking of theory that makes empirical observations meaningful. However, an exaggerated focus on “theoretical contributions” can also hamper the development of a scholarly field. This chapter discusses what theory is and is not, its various roles in the research process, and the pros and cons of focusing on theory. The specific requirements on theoretical tools suitable for the study of entrepreneurship are also considered.
Per Davidsson
4. General Design Issues
Abstract
What is it we are really trying to do, when doing “research”? This chapter aims to set a sound foundation for more detailed discussions of methods issues. This also aims to organize familiar research vocabulary (e.g., sample, inference, validity, model specification, boundary conditions, causality) within a holistic framework. Further, the chapter discusses pros and cons of different research approaches (“qualitative” vs. “quantitative”) and different types of data (archival, survey, laboratory, case studies) in an entrepreneurship research context. Discussions of entrepreneurship-specific challenges relating to process, analysis level, and heterogeneity form an important part of the chapter.
Per Davidsson
5. Sampling and Case Selection Issues
Abstract
Who and what should we study in entrepreneurship research? What type of entities, how many, and which particular ones should we study in order to effectively answer our entrepreneurship-related research questions? Starting from the axiom that social science is not like opinion polling, this chapter provides a somewhat unorthodox view on sampling and case selection which focuses on the theoretical relevance of the selected entities. Specific sampling challenges are discussed for entrepreneurship research focusing on the individual, venture, firm, industry, and spatial (region/country) levels of analysis.
Per Davidsson
6. Operationalization Issues
Abstract
How can we measure things like “entrepreneurial self-efficacy” or “start-up success” so that we can test whether our theories hold up? This chapter starts with an extended discussion of standard issues pertaining to operationalization of theoretical constructs (levels of measurement, measurement validity, and measurement error) in an integrated and reflective fashion. After discussing different approaches to measurement (single-item vs. reflective vs. formative indices), it proceeds to discuss the balancing of generic vs. customized operationalizations as well as concrete ways to assess measurement validity. Operationalization challenges and solutions are illustrated with examples such as entrepreneurial bricolage, venture idea novelty, and entrepreneurial action.
Per Davidsson
7. The Dependent Variable
Abstract
What is it that we are trying to explain? Nothing could be more important in research than clarity about the explanandum, the “dependent variable.” This chapter discusses explananda at different stages of the entrepreneurial process and at different levels of analysis. The spectrum stretches from an individual’s intention to engage in entrepreneurship to success at establishing a new venture in the market to the societal level impact of entrepreneurial endeavors. An important argument is that intermediate explananda like continuation (rather than termination) of the process or evidence of making progress in it should be regarded as theoretical constructs in their own right rather than as proxy operationalizations of success.
Per Davidsson
8. The Entrepreneurship Nexus
Abstract
What drives the progress and success of start-up processes? The “entrepreneurship nexus” perspective holds that entrepreneurial processes and their outcomes are shaped by the interplay of individuals and the “opportunities” they pursue. This chapter argues that progress within this perspective has been hampered by inescapable complexities inherent in any notion of “opportunity.” To make further progress, the chapter argues that what prior research has been trying to capture in the “opportunity” construct needs to be studied under three separate theoretical notions: external enablers, new venture ideas, and individuals’ opportunity confidence.
Per Davidsson
9. The Power of Replication
Abstract
How can we develop more solid knowledge about entrepreneurship? Like in other fields of research, the truth is that we never know the truth, but that we can arrive at increasingly accurate approximation of it. In this collective quest of knowledge development, statistical significance testing is a sadly overused tool, while replication of prior research is a better but sadly underused tool. After reiterating the limitations and frequent misuse of significance testing, this chapter illustrates how we can make progress by replicating others (traditional replication studies), each other (harmonized research collaboration), and ourselves (using multiple samples or sub-samples; robustness testing). The chapter ends on a high note with observation of several signs that our research culture may finally be about to start embracing the importance of replication and reproducibility.
Per Davidsson
10. A Quick Look at Analysis Method
Abstract
How do we find out what our data really are saying? Once all the evidence is collected, the researcher still has many choices to make in the analysis of the data, and these choices affect conclusions. This short chapter discusses some challenges that are particularly pronounced in entrepreneurship research. These are the process- and multilevel nature of the phenomenon, and the uncertainty and heterogeneity that signifies it. It is also observed that many developments toward increased “sophistication” in the analysis only address the validity of significance tests that are often invalid already for more fundamental reasons.
Per Davidsson
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Researching Entrepreneurship
verfasst von
Per Davidsson
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-26692-3
Print ISBN
978-3-319-26691-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26692-3

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