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Open Access 2017 | Open Access | Buch

Water Resource Systems Planning and Management

An Introduction to Methods, Models, and Applications

verfasst von: Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Über dieses Buch

This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license.

This revised, updated textbook presents a systems approach to the planning, management, and operation of water resources infrastructure in the environment. Previously published in 2005 by UNESCO and Deltares (Delft Hydraulics at the time), this new edition, written again with contributions from Jery R. Stedinger, Jozef P. M. Dijkman, and Monique T. Villars, is aimed equally at students and professionals. It introduces readers to the concept of viewing issues involving water resources as a system of multiple interacting components and scales. It offers guidelines for initiating and carrying out water resource system planning and management projects.
It introduces alternative optimization, simulation, and statistical methods useful for project identification, design, siting, operation and evaluation and for studying post-planning issues. The authors cover both basin-wide and urban water issues and present ways of identifying and evaluating alternatives for addressing multiple-purpose and multi-objective water quantity and quality management challenges. Reinforced with cases studies, exercises, and media supplements throughout, the text is ideal for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in water resource planning and management as well as for practicing planners and engineers in the field.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

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Chapter 1. Water Resources Planning and Management: An Overview

Abstract

Water resource systems have benefited both people and their economies for many centuries. The services provided by such systems are multiple. Yet in many regions of the world they are not able to meet even basic drinking water and sanitation needs. Nor can many of these water resource systems support and maintain resilient biodiverse ecosystems. Typical causes include inappropriate, inadequate and/or degraded infrastructure, excessive withdrawals of river flows, pollution from industrial and agricultural activities, eutrophication resulting from nutrient loadings, salinization from irrigation return flows, infestations of exotic plant and animals, excessive fish harvesting, flood plain and habitat alteration from development activities, and changes in water and sediment flow regimes.

Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

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Chapter 2. Water Resource Systems Modeling: Its Role in Planning and Management

Abstract

Planning, designing, and managing water resource systems today inevitably involve impact prediction.

Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

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Chapter 3. Models for Identifying and Evaluating Alternatives

Abstract

Water resources systems are characterized by multiple interdependent components that together produce multiple economic, environmental, ecological, and social impacts.

Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

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Chapter 4. An Introduction to Optimization Models and Methods

Abstract

Water resource systems are characterized by multiple interdependent components that together produce multiple economic, environmental, ecological, and social impacts. As discussed in the previous chapter, planners and managers working toward improving the design and performance of these complex systems must identify and evaluate alternative designs and operating policies, comparing their predicted performance with desired goals or objectives. Typically, this identification and evaluation process is accomplished with the aid of optimization and simulation models. While optimization methods are designed to provide preferred values of system design and operating policy variables—values that will lead to the highest levels of system performance—they are often used to eliminate the clearly inferior options. Using optimization for a preliminary screening followed by more detailed and accurate simulation is the primary way we have, short of actually building physical models, of estimating effective system designs and operating policies. This chapter introduces and illustrates the art of optimization model development and use in analyzing water resources systems. The models and methods introduced in this chapter are extended in subsequent chapters.

Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

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Chapter 5. Data-Fitting, Evolutionary, and Qualitative Modeling

Abstract

Clearly, all model outputs depend on model inputs. The optimization and simulation models discussed in the previous chapters are no exception. This chapter introduces some alternative modeling approaches that depend on observed data. These approaches include artificial neural networks and various evolutionary models. The chapter ends with some qualitative modeling. These data-driven models can serve as substitutes for more process-based models in applications where computational speed is critical or where the underlying relationships are poorly understood or too complex to be easily incorporated into calculus-based, linear, nonlinear, or dynamic programming models.

Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

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Chapter 6. An Introduction to Probability, Statistics, and Uncertainty

Abstract

Processes that are not fully understood, and whose outcomes cannot be precisely predicted, are often called uncertain. Most of the inputs to, and processes that occur in, and outputs resulting from, water resource systems are not known with certainty.

Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

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Chapter 7. Modeling Uncertainty

Abstract

Decision-makers are increasingly willing to consider the uncertainty associated with model predictions of the economic, environmental, or social impacts associated with possible decisions. Information on uncertainty does not make decision-making easier, but to ignore it is to ignore reality. Incorporating what is known about the uncertainty of input parameters and variables used in optimization and simulation models can help in quantifying the uncertainty in the resulting model output. This chapter outlines and illustrates some approaches for doing this.

Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

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Chapter 8. System Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis

Abstract

The usefulness of any model is in part dependent on the accuracy and reliability of its output data. Yet, because all models are abstractions of reality, and because precise input data are rarely if ever available, all output values are subject to imprecision.

Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

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Chapter 9. Performance Criteria

Abstract

Water resource systems typically provide a variety of economic, environmental, and ecological services.

Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

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Chapter 10. Water Quality Modeling and Prediction

Abstract

The most fundamental human needs for water are for drinking, cooking, and personal hygiene. The quality of the water used to meet these needs must pose no risk to human health.

Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

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Chapter 11. River Basin Modeling

Abstract

Multipurpose river basin development typically involves the identification and use of both structural and nonstructural measures designed to increase the reliability and decrease the cost of municipal, industrial, and agriculture water supplies, to protect against droughts and floods, to improve quality quality, to provide for commercial navigation and recreation, to enhance aquatic ecosystems, and to produce hydropower, as appropriate for the particular river basin.

Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

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Chapter 12. Urban Water Systems

Abstract

“Today, a simple turn of the tap provides clean water—a precious resource. Engineering advances in managing this resource—with water treatment, supply, and distribution systems—changed urban life profoundly in the 20th century, virtually eliminating waterborne diseases in developed nations, and providing clean and abundant water for communities, farms, and industries.” So states the US National Academy of Engineering on its selection of water supply systems to be among the top five greatest achievements of engineering in the twentieth century. But providing everyone with clean tap water, especially in urban areas, has yet to be achieved, even in developed nations. The world’s population is growing by about 80 million people per year, and is predicted to approach 10 billion by 2050. Over 50% of people on our planet today live in urban areas and that percentage will grow. As populations continually move to cities for improved economic opportunities and a higher standard of living and as cities merge to form megacities, the design and management of water becomes an increasingly important part of integrated urban infrastructure planning and management.

Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

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Chapter 13. Project Planning: Putting It All Together

Abstract

Water resources planning and management issues are rarely simple. Projects focused on addressing and finding solutions to these issues are also rarely simple. These projects too need to be planned and executed in ways that will maximize their likelihood of success, i.e., will lead to useful results. When decision-makers and other stakeholders disagree over what they want, and what they consider useful and helpful, the challenge facing project planners and managers is even more challenging.

Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco van Beek

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Backmatter

Titel: Water Resource Systems Planning and Management
verfasst von: Daniel P. Loucks
Eelco van Beek
Copyright-Jahr: 2017
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-44234-1
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-44232-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44234-1