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2017 | Buch

Renewable Energy: Problems and Prospects in Coachella Valley, California

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Über dieses Buch

The book analyzes the problems and potential of renewable energy development for the Coachella Valley of California and provides a useful case study for renewable energy feasibility assessments for other areas. A conceptual model, Integrated Policy Assessment Theory for Renewable Energy, is given and justified for renewable energy development in the Valley. Further, Central Place Theory, well known in urban geography, is discussed and it is seen to be very relevant to the understanding the Coachella Valley’s city sizes and renewable energy markets, compared to the greater Los Angeles region. The book’s research methods include geospatial mapping and analysis and interviews leaders in small innovative firms, government agencies, and nonprofits.
The many findings of the book include evaluation of how the Valley’s socioeconomic and transportation features influence renewable energy development, the scope of markets for solar and wind energy in the Valley, spatial confluences of renewable energy facilities with other features, and the future potential of ground-source heat pumps. Benchmark comparison of the Coachella Valley is done with two leading wind and solar regions elsewhere in the country, to assess the Valley’s evolution and opportunities in renewable energy.
The book concludes by evaluating the prospects and problems for the growth of renewable entrepreneurship, manufacturing, assembly, and operations in Coachella Valley. This leads to policy recommendations grounded in the book’s research findings, which are intended for use by governments, businesses, and nonprofits. The hope is that many of the developmental experiences from the Coachella Valley will be helpful not only within the Valley but to other communities nationwide and worldwide.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
Coachella Valley is introduced as an area of southern California with extensive renewable energy resources both in the Valley and in the surrounding areas to the north and west. It is chosen as the focus region for the book due to its energy resources and a community that is encouraging innovation in starting up renewable manufacturing and operations. The history of the Coachella Valley includes arrival of the railroad in the late nineteenth century, spurring over a century of population and economic growth; expansion of dry-climate agriculture; and renown for tourism. The Valley’s current social, transportation, economic, and business growth is described. The principles of renewable energy are introduced, especially for solar energy, wind energy and geo-heat. The book objectives include to gain understanding of the extent of and potential for renewables in the Valley, to analyze emerging renewables entrepreneurship and innovation, and to synthesize the Valley’s problems and prospects for renewable development. The book also includes conceptual models, the detailed urban profile of the Valley, and benchmark comparisons of the Valley with wind energy in Texas and solar energy in Maryland.
James B. Pick
Chapter 2. Renewable Energy Features of Coachella Valley
Abstract
The processes of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions provide a twenty-first century backdrop that accentuates the problems of adding to global warming through use of fossil fuels and coal. The UN agreement of 2015 calls for reduced warming and more renewable energy use. In contributing to reduced climate change, the Coachella Valley has had increasing residential use of solar energy and some geo-heat, while ample wind electrical generation is being provided initially by the large San Gorgonio commercial wind farms in the northern Coachella Valley. Probably the largest renewable energy in neighboring areas is the complex of large, utility-scale solar electricity plants in operation or being built east of the Coachella Valley. The chapter gives background on how the renewables-based electricity production can take place in the Valley and what the challenges are. Case examples are given of the San Gorgonio Wind Farms and cities of Palm Springs and Coachella. The potential shift from dry-climate agriculture to renewable energy land use is examined.
James B. Pick
Chapter 3. Conceptual Models and Methods
Abstract
This chapter introduces and explains the conceptual models for the book, the Integrated Policy Assessment for Local/Regional Renewal Energy Development (IPALRED) and Central Place Theory (CPT). IPALRED considers the influences of the factors, (a) federal and state conditions and (b) renewable site-specific characteristics, on (c) renewable policies for local and regional political systems. The detailed components of these factors are described and several renewable site-specific characteristics for which GIS is applied are identified, such as the geographic environment, and demographic, social, and economic characteristics. GIS could not be applied to some model components because relevant spatial data were not available. The IPALRED model forms the conceptual backbone of the overall study, and is examined based on qualitative and quantitative data. The book’s exploratory research methods are described, which include descriptive statistics, GIS, and interview techniques; and the sources of data are described. The second conceptual model, Central Place Theory (Christaller, 1933; Berry and Garrison, 1958) provides the background to understand the relationship of Coachella Valley to Los Angeles in being able to support markets for renewables, as well as in understanding relative maturity stages for renewables in the Valley’s market compared to leading metropolitan markets. CPT is not tested formally in this book, with only the single Coachella Valley case, but is recommended for testing in broader, more data-intensive future studies.
James B. Pick
Chapter 4. Socioeconomic and Urban Profile of Coachella Valley
Abstract
The Coachella Valley exhibits a range of levels of income, wealth, education, and age structure. Its economic strengths lie in tourism, retirement, specialized agriculture, retail, and associated services. The chapter first reviews literature of prior studies of regional renewable development. Since the Valley as a whole is not a U.S. Census designated area, population projection is done by aggregating components, indicating the Valley’s population of about a half million in 2016 is predominantly located in nine small cities with largest being Indio at 80,000 people. GIS analysis is applied to understand, at the census tract level, the spatial patterns of leading socioeconomic variables including income, wealth, education, occupation, manufacturing, professional and technical workers, internet use for business, environmental participation, and crime. Additionally, the Valley’s solar and wind energy workforces are estimated. Labor force deficits are apparent, which could be overcome by stemming out-migration or encouraging in-migration of skilled renewable workers. To reinforce this point, a case study is examined of community college renewable energy occupational training.
James B. Pick
Chapter 5. Benchmark Comparisons of Leading Wind and Solar Areas with the Coachella Valley: Implications
Abstract
Renewable energy development and entrepreneurship in the Coachella Valley, which are at fairly early stages, are compared to benchmark mature metropolitan areas for renewable energy in Texas and Maryland. The purpose is to achieve broader perspective from states outside the U.S. Southwest, and to gain insights into possible opportunities and challenges for the Valley in the future. A literature review examines the history of policy formulation for wind energy in Texas and of barriers to residential adoption of solar. The main chapter focus is on the metropolitanarea benchmarks of Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land for wind energy; and Baltimore-Columbia-Towson for solar energy. For each metropolitan area and its state, the history and background of renewable energy are examined, as well as the geographic distributions of renewable manufacturing facilities relative to socio-economic features. Case examples are presented of wind and solar innovation. The findings on the benchmark areas are compared to those from Chap. 4 for the Coachella Valley, and the implications are discussed.
James B. Pick
Chapter 6. Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Renewable Energy: Case Studies from Coachella Valley
Abstract
Innovation and entrepreneurship are defined and contextualized through interviews with seven high level executives/owners of renewable energy firms and two important local city officials in the Coachella Valley. The firms are described, based on the interviews and other documentation. As a framework, the renewable energy manufacturing supply chain is presented, showing the progression of steps from raw materials to final product, with associated producers and end users. This framework is compared to the literature on renewables entrepreneurship, which includes consideration of the barriers to entrepreneurs for renewable manufacturing. The seven entrepreneurial firms are analyzed relative to their extent of risk-taking, proactiveness, and innovation. Although a modest start, the products and services being produced by this handful of innovative firms could become a larger and even prominent cluster of renewables manufacturing and services. Furthermore, based on the interviews of city officials, the two cities’ approaches to supporting renewable energy manufacturing are presented and contrasted. The findings point to the need for continued support for entrepreneurial activity. The results suggest benefits for the entrepreneurs in developing partnerships with other renewable companies in the supply-value chain to maximize opportunities.
James B. Pick, Monica Perry
Chapter 7. Prospects and Problems for Growth of Renewable Manufacturing, Assembly, and Operations in Coachella Valley
Abstract
The problems and opportunities for renewable development in Coachella Valley are discussed. Findings are compared to the model of Integrated Policy assessment of Local and Regional Renewable Development (IPALRED). Following a section that reviews prior studies of the future of renewable energy, an evaluation indicates the IPALRED model is largely applicable to the Coachella Valley, albeit based only on the single case of Coachella Valley. The prospects and opportunities are summarized which include, for example, the stimulus of California’s ambitious Renewables Portfolio Standard, Coachella Valley education initiatives in renewables, Valley nonprofit organizations’ support for renewables initiatives, and federal tax credits. On the other hand, problems and barriers are examined, for instance barriers in California of extending transmission lines, inconsistent city regulations, limited entrepreneurial financing for renewable energy manufacturing, and resistance by major utilities. For the future success of Valley renewables development, leadership in local government and businesses may be the key.
James B. Pick
Erratum
James B. Pick
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Renewable Energy: Problems and Prospects in Coachella Valley, California
verfasst von
James B. Pick
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-51526-7
Print ISBN
978-3-319-51525-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51526-7

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