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2019 | Buch

Sustainable Interdependent Networks II

From Smart Power Grids to Intelligent Transportation Networks

herausgegeben von: Dr. M. Hadi Amini, Dr. Kianoosh G. Boroojeni, Prof. S. S. Iyengar, Prof. Panos M. Pardalos, Prof. Frede Blaabjerg, Dr. Asad M. Madni

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Studies in Systems, Decision and Control

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book paves the way for researchers working on the sustainable interdependent networks spread over the fields of computer science, electrical engineering, and smart infrastructures. It provides the readers with a comprehensive insight to understand an in-depth big picture of smart cities as a thorough example of interdependent large-scale networks in both theory and application aspects. The contributors specify the importance and position of the interdependent networks in the context of developing the sustainable smart cities and provide a comprehensive investigation of recently developed optimization methods for large-scale networks.

There has been an emerging concern regarding the optimal operation of power and transportation networks. In the second volume of Sustainable Interdependent Networks book, we focus on the interdependencies of these two networks, optimization methods to deal with the computational complexity of them, and their role in future smart cities. We further investigate other networks, such as communication networks, that indirectly affect the operation of power and transportation networks. Our reliance on these networks as global platforms for sustainable development has led to the need for developing novel means to deal with arising issues. The considerable scale of such networks, due to the large number of buses in smart power grids and the increasing number of electric vehicles in transportation networks, brings a large variety of computational complexity and optimization challenges. Although the independent optimization of these networks lead to locally optimum operation points, there is an exigent need to move towards obtaining the globally-optimum operation point of such networks while satisfying the constraints of each network properly.

The book is suitable for senior undergraduate students, graduate students interested in research in multidisciplinary areas related to future sustainable networks, and the researchers working in the related areas. It also covers the application of interdependent networks which makes it a perfect source of study for audience out of academia to obtain a general insight of interdependent networks.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Interdependent Networks from Societal Perspective: MITS (Multi-Context Influence Tracking on Social Network)

Abstract

The real-world system can be represented in terms of multiple complex and semantically coherent networks. The networks have some correlation among each other and complement each other’s functionality. Such correlated networks are termed as interdependent networks. The notion of a smart city can be represented as an integration of several interdependent networks that can facilitate secured and efficient management of a city’s assets, such as transportation, power grids, water supply channel, distributed sensor networks, societal networks, and other services. In this chapter, we introduce the societal perspective of interdependent networks, where the users’ and locations’ networks are exploited to track the influential user and location nodes.

The task of identifying and tracking influential nodes in the ever-growing information networks is crucial to real-world problems that require information propagation (e.g., viral marketing). The exploitation of social networks for influential node detection has been quite popular in the last decade. However, most of the studies have focused on networks with homogeneous nodes (e.g., user-user nodes), and have also ignored the impact of relevant contexts. The information networks have heterogeneous entities that are interconnected and complement each other’s functionality. Hence, the classical techniques popular in modeling the spreading of epidemics in simple networks may not be efficient.

We propose a model called MITS (Multi-context Influence Tracking on Social Network) that represents the contextual exploitation of heterogeneous nodes (i.e., user-location nodes in Location-based Social Networks (LBSN)), formulates the locality-aware spatial-socio-temporal influence tracking problem using Brooks-Iyengar hybrid algorithm, and uses the geo-tagged check-in data to identify and track the locality influence. The empirical evaluation of the proposed model on two real-world datasets, using the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) epidemic technique, coverage, and ratio of affection metrics demonstrates a significant performance gain (e.g., 10–85% on coverage and 14–39% on ratio of affection) of the proposed model against other popular techniques, such as degree centrality, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality, and PageRank.

Ramesh Baral, S. S. Iyengar, Asad M. Madni

Chapter 2. A Panorama of Interdependent Power Systems and Electrified Transportation Networks

Abstract

There has been an emerging concern regarding the optimal operation of power and transportation networks. In this chapter, a big picture of emerging challenges in the interdependent power systems and electrified transportation networks is introduced. The introduced networks will collaborate together to achieve sustainability in terms of operating in a more intelligent and efficient manner, providing more realistic models of interdependent networks, and modernizing the conventional frameworks. Further, an example of electric vehicle routing problem is provided to identify various effective networks in the broader context of sustainable interdependent networks.

In the second volume of Sustainable Interdependent Networks book, we focus on the interdependencies of power and transportation networks, optimization methods to deal with the computational complexity of them, and their role in future smart cities. In a related context, we further investigate other influential networks, such as communication networks. The considerable scale of such networks, due to the large number of buses in smart power grids and the increasing number of electric vehicles in transportation networks, brings a wide variety of computational complexity and optimization challenges. Although the independent optimization of these networks leads to locally optimum operation points, there is an emerging need to move towards obtaining the globally optimum operation point while satisfying the constraints of each network.

M. Hadi Amini

Complex Networks: Theory and Real-World Applications

Frontmatter

Chapter 3. Sustainable Smart Cities Through the Lens of Complex Interdependent Infrastructures: Panorama and State-of-the-art

Abstract

Smart cities are developed to enable modern functionalities (e.g., sustainable energy systems, smart power grids, and electrified transportation networks) and focus on the information and communication technologies (ICTs) in order to improve the operation and efficiency of the future cities. Further, the concept of smart cities is developed to integrate smart technologies and solutions with the foremost goal of improving the quality of life. The advanced metering, control, information, and communication technologies are the backbones of smart cities that are utilized to gather and analyze the data in order to provide energy-efficient, cost-efficient, reliable, and secure services. Smart cities focus on the coordination between different sectors including energy and transportation systems, water supply networks, and healthcare in order to enable more efficient applications. This chapter aims to provide a review on the smart cities and the needs of sustainability for the future cities, as well as the ongoing challenges for smart city implementation. Furthermore, an overview is provided to explain the interdependent power and transportation networks, as one of the key elements of future smart cities. Regarding the applications of smart cities, increasing amount of information should be gathered from the cities and community via distributed sensors, as well as the control devices. Privacy and security issues will rise due to the concerns regarding the protection of the collected data and transmitted control signals against the malicious behaviors. Such issues are also covered in this chapter. Thus, although smart cities can benefit citizens in a variety of aspects, there are some privacy and security concerns regarding the possible data leakage and malicious attacks. To enhance the acceptability of the high penetration of smart cities and their real implementation potential, all the presented aspects are addressed.

M. Hadi Amini, Hamidreza Arasteh, Pierluigi Siano

Chapter 4. Towards a Tensor Network Representation of Complex Systems

Abstract

Complex networks are composed of nodes (entities) and edges (connections) with any arbitrary topology. There may also exist multiple types of interactions among these nodes and each node may admit different states in each of its interactions with its neighbors. Understanding complex networks dwells on understanding their structure and function. However, current representations model nodes as single-state entities that are connected to each other differently and treat their dynamics separately with some differential equations. Alternatively, a unified framework might be accessible using the tensor network representation that is already utilized in physics communities. In a sequel of chapters we introduce tensor network representation and renormalization as an alternative framework to explore the universal behaviors of complex systems. We hope that tensor networks can particularly pave the way for better understanding of the sustainable interdependent networks (Amini et al., Sustainable interdependent networks: from theory to application, 2018) through proposing efficient computational strategies and discovering insightful features of the network behaviors.

Pouria Mistani, Samira Pakravan, Frederic Gibou

Chapter 5. Tensor Network Renormalization as an Ultra-calculus for Complex System Dynamics

Abstract

In this chapter, following the previous one, we briefly present the modern approach to real-space renormalization group (RG) theory based on tensor network formulations which was developed during the last two decades. The aim of this sequel is to suggest a novel framework based on tensor networks in order to find the fixed points of complex systems via coarse-graining. The main result of RG is that it provides a systematic way to study the collective dynamics of a large ensemble of elements that interact according to a complex underlying network topology. RG explicitly seeks the fixed points of the complex system in the space of interactions and unravels the universality class of the complex system as well as calculates a plethora of important observables. We hope that tensor networks can particularly pave the way for better understanding of the sustainable interdependent networks (Amini et al., Sustainable interdependent networks: from theory to application, 2018) through proposing efficient computational strategies and discovering insightful features of the network behaviors.

Pouria Mistani, Samira Pakravan, Frederic Gibou

Intelligent Transportation Networks

Frontmatter

Chapter 6. Intelligent Transportation Systems in Future Smart Cities

Abstract

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are state-of-the-art applications to improve the transportation safety and mobility, as well as move towards an environmentally friendly system. ITS plays a pivotal role in future smart cities in terms of providing the users with more informed, safer, more secured, and cost-effective transportation system. To this end, ITS takes advantage of modern technologies including communication infrastructure to enable efficient data transfer among smart agents, advanced computational methods to deal with large-scale optimization problems, autonomous vehicles, electrified vehicles, connected vehicles, and intelligent traffic signals.

In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive overview of some ITS technologies. Some of the recent methods to enable these technologies are introduced to pave the road for future researchers working in this area. To provide readers with case examples of ITS, two connected vehicle applications are elaborated in this chapter: queue warning and automatic incident detection. Queue warning systems are designed to inform the drivers about the back-of-queue (BOQ) location so that they brake safely and in a timely manner. An automatic incident detection (AID) system aims to detect incident occurrence automatically utilizing traffic data such as speed, volume, and occupancy.

Samaneh Khazraeian, Mohammed Hadi

Chapter 7. Sustainable Interdependent Networks from Smart Autonomous Vehicle to Intelligent Transportation Networks

Abstract

The next step to the evolution of human transportation is the replacement of human driver by the artificial-intelligence-capable machine (i.e., autonomous vehicle). The prospect of improving aspects of lives including better utilization of cost, increased mobility, and independence as well as futuristic urban planning are some of the foreseen benefits. Regardless, the challenges remain especially to convince the consumers to trust the machines in exchange for their safety and ultimately their lives. This chapter seeks to highlight the ethical implications of the autonomous technology as a prerequisite to establishing trust between man and machine. Recent studies on the technology are cited in this chapter in order to give an overall outlook of the current discussion on the topic including on the issue of ethics. The objectives of the ethical consideration have to be grounded to the main objective of benefitting the society as a whole. As such, individual rights to access of information, system configuration, and education regarding autonomous technology should be upheld. In the end, it is important to integrate the autonomous systems into larger, interdependent transportation network systems in planning the future urban infrastructure and realize the full benefits of the technologies.

Nadia Adnan, Shahrina Md Nordin, Mohamad Ariff bin Bahruddin

Chapter 8. TRAJEDI: Trajectory Dissimilarity

Abstract

The vast increase in our ability to obtain and store trajectory data necessitates trajectory analytics techniques to extract useful information from this data. In fact, trajectory analysis is an essential function in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and by applying it for the spatial trajectory data, a wide range of transportation problems can be solved. Pair-wise distance functions are a foundation building block for common operations on trajectory datasets including constrained SELECT queries, k-nearest neighbors, and similarity and diversity algorithms. The accuracy and performance of these operations depend heavily on the speed and accuracy of the underlying trajectory distance function, which is in turn affected by trajectory calibration. Current methods either require calibrated data or perform calibration of the entire relevant dataset first, which is expensive and time consuming for large datasets. We present TRAJEDI, a calibration aware pair-wise distance calculation scheme that outperforms naive approaches while preserving accuracy. We also provide analyses of parameter tuning to trade off between speed and accuracy. Our scheme is usable with any diversity, similarity or k-nearest neighbor algorithm.

Kenrick Fernande, Pedram Gharani, Vineet Raghu

Chapter 9. A Smart Decentralized Vehicle-to-Grid Scheme for Primary Frequency Control

Abstract

Nowadays renewable energy sources (RESs) are incrementally penetrated in power systems. Due to the intermittent nature of the RES production, more energy storage systems for power system stability are needed. The existing potentials of electric vehicles’ (EVs) batteries for storing energy to provide regulation services in power systems (vehicle to grid (V2G)) have recently been considered. In this chapter, a smart decentralized V2G control scheme based on droop control is proposed to participate plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) in primary frequency control (PFC). The proposed scheme satisfies the primary objectives of the V2G control which includes scheduled charging, preventing the EV battery from overcharging and overdischarging, and as much as possible use of the maximum capacity of the PEV in the PFC. Simulations are implemented on a sample power system in which the RESs supply a significant portion of the power production. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated in the presence of different loads.

Hamidreza Keshavarz, Mohammad Mohammadi

Sustainable Power Networks

Frontmatter

Chapter 10. Demand Response in Future Power Networks: Panorama and State-of-the-art

Abstract

One of the key features of future power networks, referred to as smart grids, is deploying demand-side resources in order to reduce the stress at the supply side. This implies active participation of electricity customers, as a societal network, in the power networks, as a physical network, which increases the interdependencies of these two networks due to the effect of demand response programs on power systems. Furthermore, in the future smart cities there is a crucial need to take advantage of demand-side resources to supply electricity in a sustainable manner. In this context, demand response programs play a pivotal role in electricity market in order to achieve supply-demand balance by taking advantage of the load flexibility.

In this chapter, we provide a thorough review of the state-of-the-art approaches to implement demand response programs in smart grid environment. To this end, we first introduce the available methods to model load participation in terms of demand response programs, such as game theoretic frameworks, price elasticity, and direct load control. We then review the methods for integrating demand-side resources into power systems. Several aspects of demand response programs are reviewed in this chapter. Finally, an overview of the recent advances in demand response literature is presented.

M. Hadi Amini, Saber Talari, Hamidreza Arasteh, Nadali Mahmoudi, Mostafa Kazemi, Amir Abdollahi, Vikram Bhattacharjee, Miadreza Shafie-Khah, Pierluigi Siano, João P. S. Catalão

Chapter 11. Impact of Strategic Behaviors of the Electricity Consumers on Power System Reliability

Abstract

Over the past few decades, electricity markets have created competitive environments for the participation of different players. Electricity consumers (as end users in power systems) can behave strategically based on their purposes in the markets. Their behaviors induce more uncertainty into the power grid, due to their dynamic load demands. Hence, a power system operator faces more difficulties in maintaining an acceptable level of reliability and security in the system. On the other hand, the strategic behaviors of electricity consumers can be as a double-edged sword in the power grid. There is a group of consumers who are flexible and so can be interrupted at critical time periods and pursue their economic targets in the electricity markets. However, the second group is concerned with electricity demand being provided to them with the desired reliability level. Hence, the decisions of this group of electrical consumers are in conflict with their corresponding demand response programs. According to the above statement, this chapter aims at investigating the impact of strategic behavior of the electrical consumers on power system reliability. In this way, different agents of electricity markets are defined in this chapter which their behavior can impact the market-clearing problem. Energy and reserve are assumed as electricity commodities in this chapter. Thus, a two-stage, day-ahead and real-time, stochastic unit commitment problem is solved to clear energy and reserve simultaneously considering the uncertainty of wind power generations and conventional generation units which impacts the reliability of sustainable power systems.

Amin Shokri Gazafroudi, Miadreza Shafie-khah, Desta Zahlay Fitiwi, Sérgio F. Santos, Juan Manuel Corchado, João P. S. Catalão

Chapter 12. A System of Systems Engineering Framework for Modern Power System Operation

Abstract

In the literature, numerous definitions have been proposed for system of systems (SoS). The concept of system of systems has been widely used in defense applications. In addition, it has been applied to other domains, e.g., healthcare, robotics, global communication systems, transportation, space exploration, and power system operation.

In this chapter, we discuss about the possibility of modeling active distribution grids (ADGs), which are composed of several microgrids, based on the concept of system of systems. Although various energy management/control functions, such as long-term planning and day-ahead scheduling, can be investigated based on the concept of SoS, the main focus of this chapter is on the short-term ADG operation and the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. The whole ADG is considered to be an SoS in which distribution system operators (DSOs) and microgrids (MGs), which are autonomous entities, are modeled as self-governing systems. The information privacy of DSOs and MGs is explained, and a local OPF is formulated for each system taking into account the mutual interactions between DSOs and MGs. A distributed optimization algorithm, which is based on the augmented Lagrangian relaxation, is presented to find the optimal operating point of ADG while respecting information privacy of the subsystems. A test system is designed to provide a tutorial for readers on how to formulate local OPF problems of ADGs and MGs and how to implement the distributed optimization algorithm.

Ali Mohammadi, Farnaz Safdarian, Mahdi Mehrtash, Amin Kargarian

Chapter 13. Adoption, Implementation, and Performance of Green Supply Chain Management: The Case of Coal Power Generation Industry in Indonesia

Abstract

Environmental issues like water, energy, and waste are necessitated organizations to understand that they are part of a more extensive system and their system needs to be radically transformed to respect to the society and guarantee the future of their business. More meticulously, the environmental issues would shape the future of the business. Therefore, to confront these issues practically, organizations need to be innovative and have the vision to redesign products, processes, and business models to reserve their seat for the future. This perspective is called sustainability. With the sustainability point of view, organizations have to have an understanding of their membership as a human community first, and a machine for making money second. However, there are several interpretations of sustainable business which translate it into the profitable business.

Among all components of an organization, supply chains (SCs) are critical links that connect an organization’s inputs to its outputs. Therefore, a sustainable SC can create opportunities and offers significant competitive advantages for early adoption of environmental changes and mandatory innovation. Consequently, a green SC management (GSCM) can lead to the profitability after adoption. With regard to the critical role of GSCM in the lifetime of any organization, this study aims to explore the key factors of GSCM, influencing the adoption, implementation, and performance of GSCM considering interdependency within an organization. Indonesia coal power generation as one of the world’s largest coal producers is selected as a case study.

Caroline H. Santoso, Marzieh Khakifirooz, Mahdi Fathi, Jei-Zheng Wu

Chapter 14. Protection Schemes for Sustainable Microgrids

Abstract

The significant benefits associated with sustainable microgrids have led to high efforts to expand their inclusion in the electric distribution system. Even with multiple advantages and large acknowledgement, the design, control, operation, and protection issues cannot be avoided. The dependency of transmission and distribution operators is increasing to a greater extent. The two different operating modes of microgrid are grid-connected mode and islanding mode. In both the operating modes the secure operation of protective algorithm is most desirable. In microgrid, the involvement of converter-interfaced renewable distributed generations (DGs), such as photovoltaic (PV) DGs, introduces nonlinearity. This is another major concern for the relaying system. During fault, the infeed current from DG end is very less due to which protective relay is unable to consider the situation as an abnormal phenomenon. The traditional protection schemes employed for protection of radial distribution networks may fail to operate with the inclusion of DGs. Islanding detection, relay coordination, fault detection, and fault classification are the well-known protection issues with microgrid. Hence, this chapter presents a relook to basic concepts and the importance of sustainable microgrids, and examines the envisaged protection issues and protection strategies concerned with the integration of these networks. Performance of various techniques in terms of merits and demerits has been discussed which may provide future direction for research to design a reliable protection scheme for these networks.

Ruchita Nale, Monalisa Biswal, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz

Backmatter

Titel: Sustainable Interdependent Networks II
herausgegeben von: Dr. M. Hadi Amini
Dr. Kianoosh G. Boroojeni
Prof. S. S. Iyengar
Prof. Panos M. Pardalos
Prof. Frede Blaabjerg
Dr. Asad M. Madni
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-98923-5
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98922-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98923-5