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2018 | Buch

Conformance Checking

Relating Processes and Models

verfasst von: Josep Carmona, Prof. Boudewijn van Dongen, Dr. Andreas Solti, Prof. Dr. Matthias Weidlich

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Über dieses Buch

This book introduces readers to the field of conformance checking as a whole and outlines the fundamental relation between modelled and recorded behaviour. Conformance checking interrelates the modelled and recorded behaviour of a given process and provides techniques and methods for comparing and analysing observed instances of a process in the presence of a model, independent of the model’s origin. Its goal is to provide an overview of the essential techniques and methods in this field at an intuitive level, together with precise formalisations of its underlying principles.
The book is divided into three parts, that are meant to cover different perspectives of the field of conformance checking. Part I presents a comprehensive yet accessible overview of the essential concepts used to interrelate modelled and recorded behaviour. It also serves as a reference for assessing how conformance checking efforts could be applied in specific domains. Next, Part II provides readers with detailed insights into algorithms for conformance checking, including the most commonly used formal notions and their instantiation for specific analysis questions. Lastly, Part III highlights applications that help to make sense of conformance checking results, thereby providing a necessary next step to increase the value of a given process model. They help to interpret the outcomes of conformance checking and incorporate them by means of enhancement and repair techniques.
Providing the core building blocks of conformance checking and describing its main applications, this book mainly addresses students specializing in business process management, researchers entering process mining and conformance checking for the first time, and advanced professionals whose work involves process evaluation, modelling and optimization.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Basics of Conformance Checking

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction to Conformance Checking
Abstract
This chapter provides a general overview of the conformance checking field. First, it reports on the benefits conformance checking can bring for several digital transformation initiatives. Then the setting of conformance checking is defined, which encompass process modeling and execution. A motivation for applying conformance checking in organizations is provided, together with a clear insight of the concepts and methods that ground the conformance checking field. Finally, some domains where conformance checking is relevant are highlighted.
Josep Carmona, Boudewijn van Dongen, Andreas Solti, Matthias Weidlich
Chapter 2. The Basics of Processes and Models
Abstract
This chapter defines on a intuitive level the two main elements for conformance checking: process models and event logs. The most important building blocks to create process models are first described. Then event logs, defined as the footprints of process executions, are introduced. Finally, languages are proposed as the common ground between process models and event logs.
Josep Carmona, Boudewijn van Dongen, Andreas Solti, Matthias Weidlich
Chapter 3. Quality Dimensions for Relating Processes and Models
Abstract
The two main quality dimensions to relate modeled and recorded behavior are provided in this chapter: fitness and precision. To accomplish this, a description of the behavior of processes in a Venn diagram like fashion is provided, that will help both to understand these two quality dimensions, and to visualize the different types of deviations that may exist. Finally, an intuitive description on how to approximate precision closes the chapter.
Josep Carmona, Boudewijn van Dongen, Andreas Solti, Matthias Weidlich
Chapter 4. A First Take on Conformance Checking
Abstract
This chapter introduces the three main techniques that exist to relate modeled and recorded behavior: rule checking, token replay, and alignments. For each technique, a gentle introduction is provided so that the reader can understand its main features, as well as the conformance feedback that can be obtained by its application. Running examples are used in the explanations to make the chapter very accessible to the reader.
Josep Carmona, Boudewijn van Dongen, Andreas Solti, Matthias Weidlich

A Deep Dive into Conformance Checking

Frontmatter
Chapter 5. Preliminaries to Conformance Checking
Abstract
This chapter provides the basic mathematical notation necessary to understand the theory and techniques presented in the next chapters.
Josep Carmona, Boudewijn van Dongen, Andreas Solti, Matthias Weidlich
Chapter 6. Preparation
Abstract
This chapter formalizes process models and event logs, and discusses about the corresponding link between these two elements. First, event logs are presented as the outcome of process executions. Also, the standard for representing event logs is detailed. Then, process models are formalised as Petri nets, enabling for a clear execution semantics of process models, that will be used in the next chapters. Finally, a discussion on the challenges for linking event logs and process models is provided.
Josep Carmona, Boudewijn van Dongen, Andreas Solti, Matthias Weidlich
Chapter 7. Aligning Event Data and Process Models
Abstract
This chapter presents the main technique to align process models and event logs. First, it is shown how computing an alignment between a process model and a trace can be casted as finding execution sequences in the Petri net representing the synchronised product of these two elements. Then, a family of techniques is presented that are based on searching shortest paths on the behavior of the synchronous product of the process model and a trace in the event log.
Josep Carmona, Boudewijn van Dongen, Andreas Solti, Matthias Weidlich
Chapter 8. Interpreting Alignments
Abstract
This chapter reflects on the principal role alignments have in the field of conformance checking. First it delves into various considerations on the optimality and uniqueness of alignments. Then, important aspects like visualization and properties of alignments are provided. Finally, the use of alignments to interpret fitness and precision metrics is described.
Josep Carmona, Boudewijn van Dongen, Andreas Solti, Matthias Weidlich
Chapter 9. Advanced Alignment Techniques
Abstract
This chapter introduces extensions and alternative techniques for computing alignments. Two different extensions are described first: multi-perspective alignments and online alignments. Then two techniques that represent alternatives to the technique presented in Chapter 7 are provided. Finally, the computation of alignments from two different process representations is presented.
Josep Carmona, Boudewijn van Dongen, Andreas Solti, Matthias Weidlich

Conformance Checking Applications

Frontmatter
Chapter 10. Understanding Processes
Abstract
Several applications of the techniques presented in the previous chapters are described in this chapter. First, a gentle introduction to performance analysis is provided. Then, techniques for decision point analysis are reported. Finally, the two additional quality dimensions of generalization and simplicity are overviewed.
Josep Carmona, Boudewijn van Dongen, Andreas Solti, Matthias Weidlich
Chapter 11. Improving Processes Using Conformance Checking
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of automated techniques that consider the use of the deviations detected in conformance checking to improve the processes. These techniques consider the automatic repair of process models and logs. Finally, a general view of the continuous application of conformance checking incorporating the aforementioned repair techniquesis described.
Josep Carmona, Boudewijn van Dongen, Andreas Solti, Matthias Weidlich
Chapter 12. Conformance Checking Software
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the current features and functional requirements of conformance checking software. First, it provides a tour for the conformance checking features of the ProM Framework. Then, it delves into the functional and non-functional requirements that conformance checking software in industry should incorporate.
Josep Carmona, Boudewijn van Dongen, Andreas Solti, Matthias Weidlich
Chapter 13. Epilogue
Abstract
To conclude this book, we first summarize the reasons why conformance checking is an important field on its own. Then we report on the different aspects of conformance checking, and how they have been introduced through the book. Finally, we illustrate challenges that can be tackled by the research community and industry to ensure that the widespread application of conformance checking is possible.
Josep Carmona, Boudewijn van Dongen, Andreas Solti, Matthias Weidlich
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Conformance Checking
verfasst von
Josep Carmona
Prof. Boudewijn van Dongen
Dr. Andreas Solti
Prof. Dr. Matthias Weidlich
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-99414-7
Print ISBN
978-3-319-99413-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99414-7

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