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2014 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Changes of the Aral Sea Level

verfasst von : Sergey Krivinogov

Erschienen in: The Aral Sea

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Abstract

This chapter reviews the available data on the Aral Sea level changes and presents the current thinking on the sea’s recessions and transgressions prior to its modern desiccation. The geomorphologic, sedimentologic, paleoenvironmental, archaeologic and historiographic evidence is reconsidered and combined on the basis of calibrated ¹⁴C ages. The geomorphologic data appear contradictory and require re-examination. Lithology and paleoenvironmental proxies of the sediment cores provide much consolidated information, as they record lake level changes in sediment constitution by deep and shallow water facies and layers of gypsum and mirabilite, which are of special importance for determination of low levels. High levels are recorded in several on-shore outcrops. The new archaeological data from the now dry bottom of the Aral Sea and its surrounding zone in combination with the historiographic records provide a robust model for level changes during the last two millennia. Discovery of tree stumps in different parts of the bottom indicate low stands of the lake as well. During the last two millennia, there were two deep natural regressions of ca. 2.1–1.3 and 1.1–0.3 ka (1,000 years) BP (Before Present) followed by the modern anthropogenic one. The lake level dropped to ca. 29 m asl. Their separating transgressions were up to 52–54 m asl. The middle to early Holocene record of level changes is probably incomplete. Currently the middle Holocene regressions are documented for the periods of ca. 5.5–6.3, 4.5–5.0 and 3.3–4.3 ka BP. The early Holocene history of the Aral shows a long period of a shallow lake.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Biological Dynamics of the Aral Sea Before Its Modern Decline (1900–1960)

Nächstes Kapitel Aral Sea Basin Water Resources and the Changing Aral Water Balance

Projects: EU INTAS-Aral Sea (2002–2005) and USA-Russia CRDF-RFBR (2008–2010).

Researchers used different altitudinal estimates of the Aral Sea level. The conventional levels were 50.75 m in 1903 (Berg 1908), 52 m in 1911–1931 (Berg 1932) and 53 m in 1960 (official nautical maps). These differences include sizeable corrections by topographic leveling and perennial fluctuations of the lake. The amplitude of mean annual levels was 78 cm for the period of 1911–1931 and 3.09 m for the period of 1874–1931 (Berg 1932). Therefore, both heights and altitudes of terraces provided by individual authors may vary considerably.

Veinbergs (1986) refers this date to M.E. Gorodetskaya; however, Gorodetskaya (1978) published only the date of 920 ± 120 obtained in VSEGEI from shell material. Veinbergs believed the date was probably younger than the real age of the terrace.

Core M-2003-1 was obtained with a help of a Forestry Suppliers Inc. regular auger. Only the lower, non-contaminated, part of every portion of sediments was collected. Upper 7 m of the core B-2008-1 were obtained with the help of a Livingston-type piston corer, which provides undisturbed sediment columns. Lower part of the core B-2008-1 and the whole core M-2003-2 were obtained with the help of a checking sampler, which is a pipe with a vertical slit. Due to this, the lowermost lots of the cores were contaminated by younger materials during the hoisting of the downhole instrument. This was recently verified by the ¹⁴C dating and the previously published stratigraphic columns of the cores B-2008-1 and M-2003-2 (Krivonogov et al. 2010a; Guskov et al. 2011) are corrected (Krivonogov et al. 2010b and this chapter).

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Scott Stine, California State University, received these two samples from Ian Boomer in 1991 and dated them. The samples were collected by Nick Aladin.

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Titel: Changes of the Aral Sea Level
verfasst von: Sergey Krivinogov
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: The Aral Sea
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-02355-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-02356-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02356-9_4