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1994 | Buch

A General Introduction to Luminescent Materials Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Luminescent Materials

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. G. Blasse, Prof. Dr. B. C. Grabmaier

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

Luminescence is just as fascinating and luminescent materials (are) just as important as the number of books on these topics are rare. We have met many beginners in these fields who have asked for a book introducing them to luminescence and its applications, without knowing the appropriate answer. Some very useful books are completely out of date, like the first ones from the late I 940s by Kroger, Leverenz and Pringsheim. Also those edited by Goldberg (1966) and Riehl (1971) can no longer be recommended as up-to-date introductions. In the last decade a few books of excellent quality have appeared, but none of these can be considered as being a general introduction. Actually, we realize that it is very difficult to produce such a text in view of the multidisciplinary character of the field. Solid state physics, molecular spectroscopy, ligand field theory, inorganic chemistry, solid state and materi"als chemistry all have to be blended in the correct proportion.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. A General Introduction to Luminescent Materials
Abstract
This chapter addresses those readers for who luminescent materials are a new challenge. Of course you are familiar with luminescent materials: you meet them everyday in your laboratory and in your home. If this should come as a surprise, switch on your fluorescent lighting, relax in front of your television set, or take a look at the screen of your computer. Perhaps you would like something more specialized. Remember then your visit to the hospital for X-ray photography. Or the laser in your institute; the heart of this instrument consists of a luminescent material. However, such a high degree of specialization is not necessary. The packet of washing powder in your supermarket also contains luminescent material.
G. Blasse, B. C. Grabmaier
Chapter 2. How Does a Luminescent Material Absorb Its Excitation Energy?
Abstract
A luminescent material will only emit radiation when the excitation energy is absorbed. These absorption processes will be the subject of this chapter with stress on excitation with ultraviolet radiation. The emission process will be treated in the next chapter.
G. Blasse, B. C. Grabmaier
Chapter 3. Radiative Return to the Ground State: Emission
Abstract
In Chapter 2, several ways were considered in which the luminescent system can absorb the excitation energy. In the following chapters the several possibilities of returning to the ground state are considered. In this chapter we will deal with radiative return to the ground state in the case when the absorption and emission processes occur in the same luminescent center. This situation occurs when photoluminescence is studied on a luminescent center in low concentration in a non-absorbing host lattice (Fig. 1.1).
G. Blasse, B. C. Grabmaier
Chapter 4. Nonradiative Transitions
Abstract
Radiative return from the excited state to the ground state (Chapter 3) is not the only possibility of completing the cycle. The alternative is nonradiative return, i.e. a return without emission of radiation. Nonradiative processes will always compete with radiative processes. Since one of the most important requirements for a luminescent material is a high light output, it is imperative that in such a material the radiative processes have a much higher probability than the nonradiative ones.
G. Blasse, B. C. Grabmaier
Chapter 5. Energy Transfer
Abstract
In Chapter 2, the luminescent center was brought into the excited state, whereas in Chapters 3 and 4 the return to the ground state was considered, radiatively and nonradiatively, respectively. In this chapter another possibility to return to the ground state is considered, viz. by transfer of the excitation energy from the excited centre (S*) to another centre (A):
$$S^* + A \to \,S + A^*$$
(Figs 1.3 and 1.4).
G. Blasse, B. C. Grabmaier
Chapter 6. Lamp Phosphors
Abstract
The previous chapters presented an outline of the phenomenon of luminescence in solids. They form the background for the following chapters which discuss luminescent materials for several applications, viz. lighting (Chapter 6), television (Chapter 7), X-ray phosphors and scintillators (Chapters 8 and 9), and other less-general applications (Chapter 10). These chapters will be subdivided as follows:
  • the principles of the application
  • the preparation of the materials
  • the luminescent materials which were or are in use or have a strong potential to become used; a discussion of their luminescence properties in terms of Chapters 2–5
  • problems in the field.
G. Blasse, B. C. Grabmaier
Chapter 7. Cathode-Ray Phosphors
Abstract
Devices in which phosphors are excited by means of cathode rays have great practical importance: cathode-ray tubes are used for television, oscilloscopes, electron microscopes, etc. Cathode rays are a beam of fast electrons; the accelerating voltage in a television picture tube is high (> 10 kV). Figure 7.1 presents a schematic picture of such a tube. The electron beam can be deflected by a magnetic field.
G. Blasse, B. C. Grabmaier
Chapter 8. X-Ray Phosphors and Scintillators (Integrating Techniques)
Abstract
The terms X-ray phosphors and scintillators are often used in an interchangeable way. Some authors use the term X-ray phosphors when the application requires a powder screen, and the term scintillator when a single crystal is required. The physical processes in the luminescence of these two types of materials is, however, in principle the same and comparable to that in cathode ray phosphors (Chapter 7).
G. Blasse, B. C. Grabmaier
Chapter 9. X-Ray Phosphors and Scintillators (Counting Techniques)
Abstract
In Chapter 8, the excitation was exclusively by X-ray irradiation. In this chapter the stress will be on other types of ionising radiation such as σ rays and charged particles. In many cases, their energy will be higher than that of X rays. In all applications the counting of the number of ionizing events is essential. This method of radiation detection gives information on quantities such as the kind of radiation, the intensity, the energy, the time of emission, the direction and the position of the emission. Many of the applications use luminescent materials in the form of large single crystals.
G. Blasse, B. C. Grabmaier
Chapter 10. Other Applications
Abstract
Luminescence has lead to many more applications than those discussed in the previous four chapters. In this chapter some of these will be discussed shortly. For this purpose we selected the following topics: upconversion, the luminescent center as a probe, luminescence immuno-assay, electroluminescence, optical fibers, and small particles.
G. Blasse, B. C. Grabmaier
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Luminescent Materials
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. G. Blasse
Prof. Dr. B. C. Grabmaier
Copyright-Jahr
1994
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-642-79017-1
Print ISBN
978-3-540-58019-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79017-1