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2000 | Buch | 2. Auflage

Raw Materials Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Phenolic Resins

Chemistry, Applications, Standardization, Safety and Ecology

verfasst von: Dr. Arno Gardziella, Dr. Louis A. Pilato, Dr. Andre Knop

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

A backward glance of the many new industries that emerged in the 20th century would surely recognize communications, automobile, aircraft, computer and several others that have had a global impact on world economy. Yet another industry, and an often neglected industry, made its debut early in the 20th century - the Plastics Industry. The Plastics Industry owes its identity to the brilliance of Dr. Leo Hendrik Baekeland (1863 -1944). He discovered the technique, currently in use to this day, to manu­ facture highly crosslinked plastics by transforming monomerk and/or oligomeric phenolic materials into attractive phenolic products. Today phenolics represent one of the many different types of com­ mercially available plastics (thermoset and thermoplastic). Phenolics are distinguished by a broad array of application areas that utilize phenolics as compared to other thermoset or thermoplastic resins. Thermoplastic resins transformed into molded products, films or synthetic fibers (polypropylene as an example) are rapidly recognized as "plastics" whereas the phenolic resin is a component in a material system and the identity of the phenolic resin within the system is not easily identified as "plastic". These systems consist of fiber reinforced composites, honeycomb paneling, electrical Iaminates, acid resistant coatings, wood panels, glass fiber or rock wool insulation. Phenolic resin identity is hidden and has little consumer recognition or identity.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chemistry/Production

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Raw Materials
Abstract
According to ISO 10082 phenolic resins are obtained by the reaction of phenols with aldehydes. Both parent compounds, phenol and formaldehyde, are by far the most important components in commercial phenolic resin production.
Arno Gardziella, Louis A. Pilato, Andre Knop
Chapter 2. Phenolic Resins: Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanism
Abstract
The chemistry of phenolic resins involves a variety of key factors which are critical in the design of the desired phenolic resin. These include:
  • Molar ratio of F to P
  • Mode of catalysis: acid, base, metal salt, enzyme
  • Liquid, solid, dispersion
  • Thermoplastic or thermosetting resin
Arno Gardziella, Louis A. Pilato, Andre Knop
Chapter 3. Production of Phenolic Resins
Abstract
Commercial production of phenolic resins is presently carried out in batches of about 1–50 tonnes; the reactors used for this purpose can have capacities of about 1–60 cubic meters. From Baekeland’s tiny cooker unit from 1910 (Fig. 3.1) to large-scale, computer controlled production facilities of today (Figs. 3.2 and 3.3), a long arduous route of development has been achieved through extensive diligence and technical competence.
Arno Gardziella, Louis A. Pilato, Andre Knop
Chapter 4. Structure (Methods of Analysis)
Abstract
Structure property relationships provide a description of the many resin characteristics which guide the resin designer in the selection of phenolic resins for the intended application. Resin characteristics such as hydrodynamic volume or size, functionality and/or molecular configuration, solution properties describing the structural attributes of the phenolic resin in various solvents, mechanical property guidelines and fire behavior of phenolics especially fire/smoke/toxicity (FST) criteria are described.
Arno Gardziella, Louis A. Pilato, Andre Knop

Applications of Phenolic Resins

Frontmatter
Chapter 5. Thermosets: Overview, Definitions, and Comparisons
Abstract
The history of thermosets [1–6] and their application began around 125 years ago (Table 5.1) with phenolic resins, and is thus, historically speaking, closely linked with the name “Baekeland”.
Arno Gardziella, Louis A. Pilato, Andre Knop
Chapter 6. Economic Significance, Survey of Applications, and Six Bonding Functions
Abstract
The following remarks will review the uses of phenolic resins and their distribution throughout the various areas of application, making reference to the six “bonding functions” that phenolic resins mainly assume in applications. The organization of the application-related chapters of this book is oriented toward these bonding functions. Tables 6.1 and 6.2 summarize the main types of resins — resoles and novolaks — that are commercially available and are used for various applications (solid and liquid resoles, solid and solution novolaks).
Arno Gardziella, Louis A. Pilato, Andre Knop
Chapter 7. Chemical, Physical and Application Technology Parameters of Phenolic Resins
Abstract
Testing or identification of phenolic resins in principle differentiates these according to quality guidelines — whether a stipulated specification is met — or by their classification and suitability for certain uses or in specific fields of application. The former type of testing is carried out in modern quality and/or production control facilities at the manufacturer and the customer. Testing in the areas of application technology, research, and development may be seen as a determination of parameters according to application-specific aspects.
Arno Gardziella, Louis A. Pilato, Andre Knop
Chapter 8. Industrial Safety and Ecological Questions (Raw Materials, Recycling, Environment)
Abstract
Consideration and solution of environmental and workplace-related problems in production and processing of phenolic resins (Fig. 8.1) have been emphasized in continued development of phenolic resins for many years [1]. The diagram in Fig. 8.1 helps to illustrate the topics that are addressed under the above heading.
Arno Gardziella, Louis A. Pilato, Andre Knop
Chapter 9. Conclusion: Guidelines for Future Developments in Phenolic Resins and Related Technologies
Abstract
The impression sometimes arises that development, production, and con sumption of phenolic resins and other thermosets — particularly amino and furan resins — are stagnant or in decline. However, this is not, in fact, the case. It is safe to assume that this group of products will always be required for many end-use applications due to its performance characteristics. The reader of this publication will recognize that phenolic resins still have a bright future as adhesives for industrial applications and thermosetting molding compounds. Pertinent examples are matrix resins for high performance fiber composites, applications in the transportation industry, components for carbonbased materials and refractories that afford a high carbon yield in the caebonization process, and giass fiber-reinforced phenolic molding compounds exhibiting high, constant thermal resistance.
Arno Gardziella, Louis A. Pilato, Andre Knop
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Phenolic Resins
verfasst von
Dr. Arno Gardziella
Dr. Louis A. Pilato
Dr. Andre Knop
Copyright-Jahr
2000
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-662-04101-7
Print ISBN
978-3-642-08484-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04101-7