nach oben

2015 | Buch

Hydraulic Structures

verfasst von: Sheng-Hong Chen

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Über dieses Buch

This book discusses in detail the planning, design, construction and management of hydraulic structures, covering dams, spillways, tunnels, cut slopes, sluices, water intake and measuring works, ship locks and lifts, as well as fish ways. Particular attention is paid to considerations concerning the environment, hydrology, geology and materials etc. in the planning and design of hydraulic projects. It also considers the type selection, profile configuration, stress/stability calibration and engineering countermeasures, flood releasing arrangements and scouring protection, operation and maintenance etc. for a variety of specific hydraulic structures.

The book is primarily intended for engineers, undergraduate and graduate students in the field of civil and hydraulic engineering who are faced with the challenges of extending our understanding of hydraulic structures ranging from traditional to groundbreaking, as well as designing, constructing and managing safe, durable hydraulic structures that are economical and environmentally friendly.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction

Abstract

The major function of a hydraulic project (i.e., water project) is to alter the natural behavior of a water body (river, lake, sea, groundwater) by concentrating its flow fall. It is intended for purposeful use for the benefits of national economy and to protect the environment, including electric power generation, flood control, water supply, silt mitigation, navigation, irrigation and draining, fish handling and farming, ecologic protection, and recreation. It is common that a number of hydraulic structures (i.e., hydraulic works) of general or special purposes are constructed to form a single or integrated hydraulic project to comprehensively serve foregoing purposes. Such a project is known as the water resources project or hydropower project in China, and the latter is primarily for electric power generation in addition to other possible benefits. The general-purpose and special-purpose hydraulic structures which are parts of a hydraulic project can be further divided into main, auxiliary, and temporary structures.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 2. Planning and Design of Hydraulic Projects

Abstract

A hydraulic project may be small or large, simple or complex, and single or multiple purposed, and it should provide the functions to accomplish the optimum development of related water and hydropower resources. In many cases, the project will be multi-purposed. For this reason, the investigations may comprise a large number of matters, and some or all of them will influence the selection of the project site and scale. Hence, the entire project must be investigated as a whole before the design requirements for each single structure, such as the dam, can be firmly established.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 3. Study on Material Properties

Abstract

Materials widely used in hydraulic structures are mineral materials such as natural soil, natural stone, inorganic binding material, concrete, and cement mortar; organic materials such as wood, bamboo, asphalt, and geosynthetics; and metal materials such as steel and cooper. The rock, soil, and concrete are the most prevalent materials for the building of hydraulic structures, whose properties, such as density, permeability, deformation, consolidation, and strength, must be explored, tested, and analyzed comprehensively in order to design a hydraulic structure that is safe, feasible, and appropriate for the site conditions.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 4. Actions on Hydraulic Structures and Their Effect Combinations

Abstract

It is a basic requirement that the design of hydraulic structures should make allowance for the actions. The term “actions” means an amount of factors being usually or actually sustained by structures, which result in stress and deflection within structures named as “effects.” Actions may be direct or indirect, the former refers to concentrated or distributed forces, which are conventionally called as “loads”; the latter means the factors inducing extra deformation and restricted stress which are stipulated for the earthquake, thermal variation, etc.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 5. Analysis of Action Effects for Hydraulic Structures

Abstract

Under environmental actions or loads, action effects such as deformation (deflection) and stress will be developed within hydraulic structures. The failure will occur if the stress exceeds the bearing capacity of the structures. Since the beginnings of human civilization, the engineering of hydraulic structures has increasingly evolved from primitive trial-and-error ventures to skillfully analytic approaches. Early hydraulic structure constructing was an uncertain art resting on cumulative experience. As the centuries unfolded, it was gradually merged with the sciences. Mathematics and mechanics have been becoming increasingly effective in the seeking of safer designs. Nowadays, the analysis of action effects by means of physical modeling, mathematical modeling, and monitor modeling is indispensable in the design of important hydraulic structures.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 6. Design Criteria and Methods for Hydraulic Structures

Abstract

The structural performance is usually assessed by means of calibration models based on physical understanding and empirical data. Due to idealized modeling, inherent physical uncertainties, and inadequate or insufficient data, these models themselves and the parameters entering the models are uncertain. Optimization techniques play a key role in structural design. The very purpose of which is to find the best way so that a designer or a decision-maker can derive a maximum benefit from the available resources. Computer-aided design (CAD) is a comprehensive application of computer system to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization, of a design. CAD may enhance the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of the design, accelerate the communications through documentation, and create a database for manufacturing and management.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 7. Gravity Dams

Abstract

Gravity dam may be the earliest water retaining structure in the human history. As early as around 2950–2750 BC, the Egyptians built a masonry gravity dam of 14 m high at the Nile River, called in Arabic “Sadd el-Kafara” meaning “Dam of the Pagans,” which was discovered over 100 years ago in Egypt. The modern gravity dams made of concrete are widely exercised throughout the world and well known for their simplicity in design and facilitation in construction, high reliability at any dam height and in any climatic conditions inclusive of harsh winter.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 8. Arch Dams

Abstract

There is a long history of arch dam construction. As early as in Roman era, the high bearing capacity of arch structures was realized. Dated back to the first century BC, the first known arch dam, the Glanum Dam, also known as the Vallon de Baume Dam, was built by the Romans in France. Around 1350, the Iranian built the Kurit Arch Dam (Iran, H = 60 m). An arch dam is a water retaining barrier curvilinear in plan, similar to a dome or shell, which resists horizontal loads mainly dependent on its support in the abutment banks of canyon. Providing a satisfactory valley shape and qualified foundation rock capable of supporting the load exerted on it, an arch dam offers significant advantages over other conventional dam types such as gravity and embankment.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 9. Embankment Dams

Abstract

Dams constructed of earth and rock materials are generally referred to as embankment dams or fill-type dams. The history of embankment dams is much earlier than that of concrete dams. It is evident that some simplest embankment dams were constructed about 3000 years ago in the cradles of ancient cultures such as Egypt, Indian, Sri Lanka, Peru, China, and other countries.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 10. Rockfill Dams

Abstract

Rockfill dam, a kind of embankment or so-called earth–rock dams, is a water retaining barrier composed of three major parts: fill of loose rock by dumping or roller compaction; impervious membrane made of masonry, concrete, asphaltic concrete, steel sheet piles, timber, or other materials; and transition layer. The impervious membrane is employed as the waterproof and can be placed either within the embankment or on the upstream slope. Although the history is short compared to that of other ancient dam types, the development of rockfill dams during the last several decades was booming around the world.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 11. Sluices and Barrages

Abstract

Sluice or regulator is a water channel consisting of an array of large gates that can be opened or closed to control the amount of water passing a barrage or entering a canal. The gates are set between flanking piers responsible for resisting water actions. Barrage is a kind of low-head dam in the regulating project which is often used to control and to stabilize water flow for irrigation system, navigation system, stagnant water draining system, or hydropower station. Barrages are also built at the mouth of rivers or lagoons to prevent tidal incursion or to utilize the tidal flow for electric power generating.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 12. Shore Spillways

Abstract

A spillway is designed to conduct flood flows safely passing the dam, which plays an important role similar to a safety valve in hydraulic projects. Improperly designed spillways or spillways of insufficient capacity are responsible for many fatal accidents (e.g., failure) of dams. Therefore, spillways are, or should be, designed to accommodate flows during maximum flood period so as to prevent damage to the dam and appurtenant structures. Their size and location are determined by the size and type of dam, local topography, geology, and careful review of the stream flow history at the work site.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 13. Hydraulic Tunnels

Abstract

Hydraulic tunnel is a water conduit formed by excavating abutment mountain or hill without removing the overlaying rock.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 14. Rock Slopes in Hydraulic Projects

Abstract

Rock slope is a kind of geologic body located on the surface of the earth crust, which consists of sloping surfaces, top of slope, slope shoulder, foot of slope, and slope body of definite depth. A rock slope in the hydraulic project is a part of or at the vicinity to hydraulic structures, which if fails, will give rise to important impact on the safety and normal operation of the project. Hence, it has been an important concern in the construction and operation of hydraulic projects.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 15. Hydraulic Steel Gates

Abstract

Almost every hydraulic project needs a reservoir (or pool) to control flood as well as to store water for irrigation, power generation, domestic, and/or industrial water supply. A spillway or headwork with control devices such as gates or shutters is almost invariably demanded for releasing excessive flood inflow, or diverting water into canal system. Different types of hydraulic gate and hoist working on different principles and mechanism are used in spillways, sluices, and tunnels, etc.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 16. Irrigation and Drainage Works

Abstract

Irrigation and drainage engineering measures are required to control damage from draught, water logging, saline, and alkali, which are accomplished by construction corresponding works of water diversion and distribution. There are various irrigation and drainage works, including water intakes from water sources, canals for water conveyance, regulating sluices for water-level controlling, diversion sluices and check gates (delivery gates) for discharge controlling, flumes and weirs for discharge measuring, protection works such as release sluices (escape sluices) and overchutes for the normal and safe operating of canals, cross-drainage works (e.g., aqueducts, bridges, inverted siphons, and culverts) for conveying water across a natural depression or under a road and canal, and drop structures (chutes and drops) for conveying water from a higher elevation to a lower elevation and to dissipate excess energy resulting from the drops.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 17. Appurtenant Works

Abstract

For the purposes of power generation, flood control, navigation, irrigation, water supply, etc., dams are constructed to collect water head by raising the upstream water level. However, the construction of dams cuts off the natural river streams. Structures allow for the safe and quick pass of vessel, fish, and log, between the up- and downstream, have to be built up in order to overcome the concentrated head and keep the whole river navigable.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Chapter 18. Operation and Maintenance of Hydraulic Structures

Abstract

Accident or failure of hydraulic structures in hydraulic projects may give rise to significant consequences ranging from losses of life, injury to economy, and damage to properties and environment. These highlight the necessity and importance of safe operation and maintenance for hydraulic structures. In China, responsibility for the safety of a hydraulic project rests with its owner as well as the local and state government (Electric Power Industry Ministry of the People’s Republic of China 1998). It is routine to establish special management agency committed to the safety according to an effective management program for the hydraulic structures, particularly dam, to minimize the risk of failure and to protect the life and properties.

Sheng-Hong Chen

Titel: Hydraulic Structures
verfasst von: Sheng-Hong Chen
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-47331-3
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-47330-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47331-3